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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12407:2007 Natural stone test methods Petrographic examination The European Standard EN 12407:2007 has the status of a British Standard ICS 73.020; 91.100.15 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Jun 17 07:15:56 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncont
2、rolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 12407:2007 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2007 BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0 580 50839 4 National foreword This British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of EN 12407:2007. It s
3、upersedes BS EN 12407:2000 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/545, Natural stone. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the ne
4、cessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University,
5、Sun Jun 17 07:15:56 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 12407 March 2007 ICS 73.020; 91.100.15Supersedes EN 12407:2000 English Version Natural stone test methods - Petrographic examination Mthodes dessai de pierres naturelles - Examen ptrog
6、raphique Prfverfahren fr Naturstein - Petrographische Prfung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 January 2007. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard wit
7、hout any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other languag
8、e made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
9、 France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMIT
10、EE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12407:2007: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Jun 17 07:15:56 G
11、MT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 12407:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction.4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references5 3 Principle5 4 Apparatus .5 5 Preparation of thin and polished sections6 5.1 General6 5.2 Preparation of thick samples6 5.3 Preparation of thin samples .6 5.4 Staini
12、ng.7 5.4.1 Feldspar staining.7 5.4.2 Carbonate staining 7 6 Macroscopic description 7 6.1 General7 7 Microscopic description .8 8 Petrographic definition .9 9 Test report10 Annex A (informative) Template for the petrographic description of rocks .11 Bibliography18 Licensed Copy: London South Bank Un
13、iversity, London South Bank University, Sun Jun 17 07:15:56 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 12407:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 12407:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 246 “Natural stones”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shal
14、l be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2007. This document supersedes EN 12407:2000. According to the CEN/CENELEC Int
15、ernal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, M
16、alta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Jun 17 07:15:56 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 12407:2007 (E) 4 Introduction A petrog
17、raphic description of natural stone is important not only for the purposes of petrographic classification but also in order to highlight features influencing its chemical, physical and mechanical behaviour. In the same way the determination of the stones origin could be necessary (e.g. in the case o
18、f restoration of historical monuments). It is therefore essential to characterize the natural stones not only from the point of view of their mineral components and of their fabric and structure but also in terms of any features as: colour, presence of veins, of fossils, of discontinuities, etc. To
19、ensure that the petrographic classification is objective, it is essential that the characterization of the material be, as far as possible, quantitative. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Jun 17 07:15:56 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 12407
20、:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies methods for making technical petrographic descriptions of natural stone, except for roofing slates. For this product, the method for the petrographic examination is defined in EN 12326 2. Although chemical and physical methods of analysis are requ
21、ired for petrographic classification of some stone types, these methods will not be described in this standard. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated referenc
22、es, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12670, Natural stone Terminology EN 12440, Natural stone Denomination criteria 3 Principle First a macroscopic description of the sample is undertaken. The macroscopic description may involve a visual inspection
23、 aided by a hand lens or a stereoscopic microscope. Then one or more thin sections prepared from the sample are examined using a petrographic microscope in order to give a microscopic description of the sample; where appropriate an additional polished section shall be prepared. 4 Apparatus 4.1 Hand
24、lens or stereoscopic microscope (if required) 4.2 Rock cutter with sliding guide, water cooled and with a vertical diamond disk 3 mm thick 4.3 Electrical heating plate 4.4 Glass plate 300 mm x 400 mm x 10 mm 4.5 Bristle brush 4.6 Multiple rectifier for thin slides for 16 slides, water cooled and sem
25、iautomatic stop. Thin sections can also be prepared by hand by a thin slides preparation expert 4.7 Electric solder 4.8 Multi Form mold 40 mm and plastic cup 4.9 Grinding and polishing machine 4.10 Petrographic microscope 4.11 Point counter or image analysis (if required) Licensed Copy: London South
26、 Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Jun 17 07:15:56 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 12407:2007 (E) 6 4.12 A Rock Colour Chart or another colour reference chart (if required) 4.13 Reactives and products: Canada Balsam, Thermoplastic cement, Epoxi resin, Epoxi hardener, C
27、arborundum (F220, F400, F600, F800), Supporting glass (28 mm x48 mm x1,8 mm), cover glass (24 mm x32 mm), diamond disks, xileno these are feldspar staining methods and carbonate staining methods which are described below. Any other staining method different from those mentioned shall be clearly stat
28、ed in the working order. 5.2 Staining 5.2.1 Feldspar staining In order to carry out the feldspar staining, the thin section shall be subjected to HF acid vapour under the extracting hood and during one minute, using a plastic recipient of the same size of the cover glass. Then three drops of a solut
29、ion of sodium cobaltonitrite are dropped over the section and left to act during 4 to 5 min. Then the section is washed with water: the K-feldspar is stained with yellow tones whereas the other feldspars and quartz show no change. 5.2.2 Carbonate staining If samples are suspected of containing carbo
30、nates, their selective staining can be carried out. Samples are attacked with a HCl solution 1:20 and then immersed in a alizarine solution during 3 min. Then samples are washed with water and are left to dry in open air. Calcite will then stain with a dark red colour, dolomite will maintain its ori
31、ginal colour and other carbonates will be stained between rose and violet colour depending on the case. It is possible to discriminate other carbonates than calcite using other chemical attacks, but this in not frequent. 6 Macroscopic description 6.1 General Macroscopic description shall be carried
32、out both on fresh cut samples and on polished samples. The following items shall be included in the macroscopic description. 6.2 The general colour or range of colours of the hand specimen. The colour can be estimated by visual impression or defined using a colour reference chart (Rock Colour Chart
33、is recommended). 6.3 Fabric 6.4 Grain size (e.g. coarse, medium or fine) 6.5 Open and refilled macroscopic cracks, pores and cavities (when relevant) 6.6 Evidence of weathering and alteration: staining by sulphide alteration, diffusion of iron hydroxides, alteration of feldspars etc. (when relevant)
34、 6.7 Presence of macrofossils (when relevant) 6.8 Presence of xenolithic and mafic intrusions (when relevant) Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Jun 17 07:15:56 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 12407:2007 (E) 8 7 Microscopic description The fo
35、llowing items shall be included in the microscopic description: 7.1 Fabric 7.2 Constituents 7.2.1 Minerals/Grains NOTE For the determination of the opaque minerals polished sections should be used. For each mineral or grain identified, the characteristics listed below shall be specified (when releva
36、nt). 7.2.1.1 Percentage by volume, specifying the method used (e.g. estimate, point counter). 7.2.1.2 Dimensions: mean value and range of variation (if necessary for the groundmass and also for the larger crystals or grains). The range of sizes to be used will be: Very coarse ( 10 mm), Coarse (4 mm
37、-10 mm), Medium (1 mm - 4 mm), Fine ( 1 mm). Degree of sorting (in clastic rocks): very well sorted, well sorted, moderately sorted, poorly sorted, very poorly sorted. 7.2.1.3 Habit (e.g. idiomorphic, anhedral). 7.2.1.4 Shape (e.g. isometric, anisometric, flattened, elongated). Detrital grains in se
38、dimentary rocks shall be described in terms of sphericity and roundness. 7.2.1.5 Boundaries (e.g. straight, lobate, dentate). 7.2.1.6 Distribution (e.g. homogeneous, heterogeneous, in layers, in patches). 7.2.1.7 Orientation (e.g. isotropic, shape preferred orientation, dimensional preferred orienta
39、tion, isorientation of lamellar or tabular grains, isorientation of elongated, prismatic grains). 7.2.1.8 Evidence of weathering and alteration: staining by sulphide alteration, diffusion of iron hydroxides, chloritization of biotite; sericization of feldspars, radioactive decay of minerals such as
40、zircon or allanite etc. 7.2.2 Groundmass: 7.2.2.1 In volcanic rocks mesostasis which can be glassy, ipocrystalline, microcrystalline, devitrified 7.2.2.2 In sedimentary rocks have to be distinguished matrix (microcrystalline pelitic, carbonatic or silicic mud which includes grains when present, or f
41、ills the interstices) and cement (amorphous to crystalline materials partially or completely filling cavities) 7.2.3 Organogenic remains: e.g. organic or replaced (pyrite, apatite etc.) organogenic remains 7.3 Discontinuities 7.3.1 Pores, microcavities (size, shape, relative abundance and filling ma
42、terial if present) 7.3.2 Cracks and open fractures 7.3.2.1 Width (most frequent value, minimum and maximum) 7.3.2.2 Length (most frequent value, minimum and maximum) 7.3.2.3 Type (intergranular, intragranular, transgranular) Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University,
43、Sun Jun 17 07:15:56 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 12407:2007 (E) 9 7.3.2.4 Orientation 7.3.2.5 Distribution 7.3.3 Filled fractures and veins 7.3.3.1 Width (most frequent value, minimum and maximum) 7.3.3.2 Length (most frequent value, minimum and maximum) 7.3.3.3 Type (intergranular,
44、 intragranular, transgranular) 7.3.3.4 Orientation 7.3.3.5 Distribution 7.3.3.6 Filling (extent, nature, structure) 7.3.3.7 Nature (e.g. stylolites, late veins) 7.4 Alterations. 7.4.1 Description of the minerals with alterations 7.4.2 Alteration grade of the rock Templates for the petrographic descr
45、iption of the various types of rocks are given in Annex A (informative). 8 Petrographic definition On the basis of the data generated from the macroscopic and microscopic examination relating to grainsize, fabric and mineralogical composition a petrographic definition shall be assigned to the stone
46、sample, using EN 12670 and fixing at least the rock family. If the petrographic description provides insufficient data to assign a petrographic definition, further testing may be necessary, namely chemical or X-ray diffraction determinations. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South
47、 Bank University, Sun Jun 17 07:15:56 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 12407:2007 (E) 10 9 Test report The test report shall contain the following information: a) unique identification number for the report; b) number, title and date of issue of this European Standard; c) name and addre
48、ss of the test laboratory and the address of where the examination was carried out if different from the test laboratory; d) name and address of the client; e) it is the responsibility of the client to supply the following information: 1) commercial name of the stone, in accordance with EN 12440; 2)
49、 country and region of extraction; 3) name of the supplier; 4) direction of any existing plane of anisotropy (if relevant to the test) to be clearly indicated on the sample by means of two parallel lines; 5) name of the person or organization which carried out the sampling; f) date of delivery of the sample; g) date of preparation of the thin sections and the date of the examination; h) number and dimensions of the thin sections; i) macroscopic and microscopic description of the stone; j) phot