《BS-EN-12056-2-2000.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《BS-EN-12056-2-2000.pdf(88页珍藏版)》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12056-2:2000 The Eu
2、ropean Standard EN 12056-2:2000 has the status of a British Standard ICS 91.140.70; 91.140.80 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Part 2: Sanitary pipework, layout and calculation This British Standard, having been prepared
3、 under the direction of the Sector Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 September 2000 BSI 09-2000 ISBN 0 580 36487 9 BS EN 12056-2:2000 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments National
4、 foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 12056-2:2000. It supersedes BS 5572:1994 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/505, Wastewater engineering, to Subcommittee B/505/21, Roof drainage and sanitary
5、 pipework, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate the
6、m in the UK. The national annexes are an informative element of this British Standard and contain information provided for easier implementation of EN 12056-2:2000 in the United Kingdom, within the framework envisaged by the scope of the European Standard. Users are reminded that only the normative
7、elements of the adopted European Standard set out the provisions to which it is necessary to conform in order to form part of a trade description when citing this British Standard by number or when compliance with it is claimed. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtaine
8、d on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence Index, or by using the Find facility
9、 of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligation
10、s. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 85 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. (8523($1?67$1$5 1250(?(8523e(11( (8523b,6&+(?1250 (1? -XQH? ,&6? (QJOL
11、VK?YHUVLRQ *UDYLW?GUDLQDJH?VVWHPV?LQVLGH?EXLOGLQJV?3DUW?6DQLWDU SLSHZRUN?ODRXW?DQG?FDOFXODWLRQ 5pVHDX?G?pYDFXDWLRQ?JUDYLWDLUH?j?O?LQWpULHXU?GHV?EkWLPHQWV? 3DUWLH?6VWqPHV?SRXU?OHV?HDX?XVpHV?FRQFHSWLRQ?HW FDOFXOV 6FKZHUNUDIWHQWZlVVHUXQJVDQODJHQ?LQQHUKDOE?YRQ *HElXGHQ?7HLO?6FKPXWZDVVHUDQODJHQ?3ODQXQJ?X
12、QG %HUHFKQXQJ 7KLV?(XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUG?ZDV?DSSURYHG?E?&(1?RQ?2FWREHU? &(1?PHPEHUV?DUH?ERXQG?WR?FRPSO?ZLWK?WKH?&(1?&(1(/(&?,QWHUQDO?5HJXODWLRQV?ZKLFK?VWLSXODWH?WKH?FRQGLWLRQV?IRU?JLYLQJ?WKLV?(XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG?WKH?VWDWXV?RI?D?QDWLRQDO?VWDQGDUG?ZLWKRXW?DQ?DOWHUDWLRQ?8S?WR?GDWH?OLVWV?DQG?ELEOLRJUDSKLFDO?U
13、HIHUHQFHV?FRQFHUQLQJ?VXFK?QDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGV?PD?EH?REWDLQHG?RQ?DSSOLFDWLRQ?WR?WKH?&HQWUDO?6HFUHWDULDW?RU?WR?DQ?&(1?PHPEHU? 7KLV?(XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUG?HLVWV?LQ?WKUHH?RIILFLDO?YHUVLRQV?(QJOLVK?)UHQFK?*HUPDQ?$?YHUVLRQ?LQ?DQ?RWKHU?ODQJXDJH?PDGH?E?WUDQVODWLRQ XQGHU?WKH?UHVSRQVLELOLW?RI?D?&(1?PHPEHU?LQWR?LWV?
14、RZQ?ODQJXDJH?DQG?QRWLILHG?WR?WKH?&HQWUDO?6HFUHWDULDW?KDV?WKH?VDPH?VWDWXV?DV?WKH?RIILFLDO YHUVLRQV? &(1?PHPEHUV?DUH?WKH?QDWLRQDO?VWDQGDUGV?ERGLHV?RI?$XVWULD?%HOJLXP?&HFK?5HSXEOLF?HQPDUN?)LQODQG?)UDQFH?*HUPDQ?*UHHFH? ,FHODQG?,UHODQG?,WDO?/XHPERXUJ?1HWKHUODQGV?1RUZD?3RUWXJDO?6SDLQ?6ZHGHQ?6ZLWHUODQG?DQG
15、?8QLWHG?.LQJGRP? (8523($1? &200,77(? )25? 67$1$5,=$7,21 &20,7e? (8523e(1? (? 1250$/,6$7,21 (8523b,6&+(6? .20,7(? )h5? 125081* &HQWUDO?6HFUHWDULDW?UXH?GH?6WDVVDUW?%?%UXVVHOV ?&(1$OO?ULJKWV?RI?HSORLWDWLRQ?LQ?DQ?IRUP?DQG?E?DQ?PHDQV?UHVHUYHG ZRUOGZLGH?IRU?&(1?QDWLRQDO?0HPEHUV? 5HI?1R?(1?( 3DJH? (1? ?%6,
16、? )RUHZRUG? ?6FRSH? ?1RUPDWLYH?UHIHUHQFHV? ?HILQLWLRQV? ?*HQHUDO? ?:DVWH?ZDWHU? ?RPHVWLF?ZDVWH?ZDWHU? ?7UDGH?HIIOXHQW? ?*UH?ZDWHU? ?%ODFN?ZDWHU? ?5DLQZDWHU? ?)ORRG?OHYHO? ?UDLQDJH?VVWHP? ?&RPELQHG?VVWHP? ? 6HSDUDWH?VVWHP? ?3LSHV?DQG?ILWWLQJV? ?6DQLWDU?SLSHZRUN? ?1RPLQDO?GLDPHWHU?1? ?,QWHUQDO?GLDPHWH
17、U?GL? ?(WHUQDO?GLDPHWHU?GD? ?0LQLPXP?LQWHUQDO?GLDPHWHU?GL?PLQ? ?%UDQFK?GLVFKDUJH?SLSH? ?6TXDUH?HQWU? ?6ZHSW?HQWU? ?&RQQHFWLRQ?EHQG? ? LVFKDUJH?VWDFN? ? 6WDFN?RIIVHW? ? UDLQ? ? )LOOLQJ?GHJUHH? ?9HQWLODWLQJ?SLSHZRUN? ?9HQWLODWLQJ?SLSH? ?%UDQFK?YHQWLODWLQJ?SLSH? ?6WDFN?YHQW? ?9HQWLODWLQJ?VWDFN? ?$LU?DG
18、PLWWDQFH?YDOYH? ?$SSOLDQFHV? ?RPHVWLF?VDQLWDU?DSSOLDQFHV? ?1RQ?GRPHVWLF?VDQLWDU?DSSOLDQFHV? ?)ORRU?JXOO? ?7UDS? ?HSWK?RI?ZDWHU?VHDO?+? ?&DOFXODWLRQ? ?LVFKDUJH?XQLW?8? ?)UHTXHQF?IDFWRU?.? ?:DVWH?ZDWHU?IORZ?UDWH?4ZZ? ?&RQWLQXRXV?IORZ?UDWH?4F? ?3XPSHG?ZDWHU?IORZ?UDWH?4S? ?7RWDO?IORZ?UDWH?4WRW? 3DJH? (1
19、? ?%6,? ?+GUDXOLF?FDSDFLW?4PD? ?$LU?IORZ?UDWH?4D? ?6VWHP?FRQILJXUDWLRQV? ?*HQHUDO? ?6VWHP?WSHV? ?&RQILJXUDWLRQV? ?3ULPDU?YHQWLODWHG?VVWHP?FRQILJXUDWLRQV? ?6HFRQGDU?YHQWLODWHG?VVWHP?FRQILJXUDWLRQV? ?8QYHQWLODWHG?GLVFKDUJH?EUDQFK?FRQILJXUDWLRQV? ?9HQWLODWHG?GLVFKDUJH?EUDQFK?FRQILJXUDWLRQV? ?/DRXW?UXOH
20、V? ?&RPSOLDQFH?ZLWK?(XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUGV? ?3URWHFWLRQ?DJDLQVW?IORRGLQJ? ?2GRXU? ?7UDS?VHDO? ?5HGXFWLRQ?RI?QRPLQDO?GLDPHWHU? ?9HQWLODWLRQ? ?$LU?DGPLWWDQFH?YDOYHV? ?&DOFXODWLRQ? ?*HQHUDO? ?%DVLF?GDWD? ?3LSH?GLDPHWHU? ?LVFKDUJH?XQLWV? ?LVFKDUJH?IURP?QRQ?GRPHVWLF?VDQLWDU?DSSOLDQFHV? ?&DOFXODWLRQ?RI?IORZUD
21、WH? ?:DVWH?ZDWHU?IORZUDWH?4ZZ? ?)UHTXHQF?IDFWRU?.? ?7RWDO?IORZUDWH?4WRW? ?&DOFXODWLRQ?UXOHV? ?/DRXW?RI?EUDQFKHV? ?8QYHQWLODWHG?GLVFKDUJH?EUDQFKHV? ?9HQWLODWHG?GLVFKDUJH?EUDQFKHV? ?$LU?DGPLWWDQFH?YDOYHV?IRU?EUDQFKHV? ?/DRXW?RI?GLVFKDUJH?VWDFNV? ?3ULPDU?YHQWLODWHG?GLVFKDUJH?VWDFNV? ?6HFRQGDU?YHQWLODWH
22、G?GLVFKDUJH?VWDFNV? ?$LU?DGPLWWDQFH?YDOYHV?IRU?VWDFNV? ?9HQWLODWLQJ?SLSHZRUN? ?/DRXW?RI?GUDLQV? 3DJH? (1? ?%6,? ?*HQHUDO? $QQH?$?LQIRUPDWLYH? $?1DWLRQDO?DQG?ORFDO?UHJXODWLRQV?DQG?SUDFWLFH? $QQH?%?LQIRUPDWLYH? %?&DSDFLWLHV?RI?GUDLQV? %?9DOXHV?RI?ZDVWH?ZDWHU?IORZ?UDWHV? $QQH?&?LQIRUPDWLYH? &?&DOFXODWL
23、RQ?HDPSOH? &?DWD?DQG?SDUDPHWHUV? &?6XP?RI?GLVFKDUJH?XQLWV? &?&DOFXODWLRQ?RI?WKH?VWDFN?VLH? &?&DOFXODWLRQ?RI?WKH?GUDLQ?VLHV? $QQH?LQIRUPDWLYH? ?(XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUGV?RI?FRPPRQO?XVHG?SURGXFWV?DQG?DGGLWLRQDO (XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUGV?LQ?WKH?ILHOG?RI?ZDVWH?ZDWHU?VVWHPV? 3DJH? (1? ?%6,? )RUHZRUG 7KLV?(XURSHDQ?6WDQ
24、GDUG?KDV?EHHQ?SUHSDUHG?E?7HFKQLFDO?&RPPLWWHH?&(1?7&?:DVWH?ZDWHU HQJLQHHULQJ?WKH?6HFUHWDULDW?RI?ZKLFK?LV?KHOG?E?,1? 7KLV?(XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUG?VKDOO?EH?JLYHQ?WKH?VWDWXV?RI?D?QDWLRQDO?VWDQGDUG?HLWKHU?E?SXEOLFDWLRQ?RI?DQ LGHQWLFDO?WHW?RU?E?HQGRUVHPHQW?DW?WKH?ODWHVW?E?HFHPEHU?DQG?FRQIOLFWLQJ?QDWLRQDO VWDQGD
25、UGV?VKDOO?EH?ZLWKGUDZQ?DW?WKH?ODWHVW?E?-XQH? 7KLV?LV?WKH?VHFRQG?SDUW?LQ?D?VHULHV?RI?WKH?IROORZLQJ?ILYH?SDUWV? 3DUW?*HQHUDO?DQG?SHUIRUPDQFH?UHTXLUHPHQWV? 3DUW?6DQLWDU?SLSHZRUN?ODRXW?DQG?FDOFXODWLRQ? 3DUW?5RRI?GUDLQDJH?ODRXW?DQG?FDOFXODWLRQ? 3DUW?:DVWH?ZDWHU?OLIWLQJ?SODQWV?ODRXW?DQG?FDOFXODWLRQ? 3DUW?
26、,QVWDOODWLRQ?DQG?WHVWLQJ?RI?GUDLQDJH?VVWHPV?LQVWUXFWLRQV?IRU?RSHUDWLRQ?PDLQWHQDQFH?DQG XVH? $FFRUGLQJ?WR?WKH?&(1?&(1(/(&?,QWHUQDO?5HJXODWLRQV?WKH?QDWLRQDO?VWDQGDUGV?RUJDQLDWLRQV?RI?WKH IROORZLQJ?FRXQWULHV?DUH?ERXQG?WR?LPSOHPHQW?WKLV?(XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUG?$XVWULD?%HOJLXP?&HFK 5HSXEOLF?HQPDUN?)LQODQG?)UDQ
27、FH?*HUPDQ?*UHHFH?,FHODQG?,UHODQG?,WDO?/XHPERXUJ? 1HWKHUODQGV?1RUZD?3RUWXJDO?6SDLQ?6ZHGHQ?6ZLWHUODQG?DQG?WKH?8QLWHG?.LQJGRP? 3DJH? (1? ?%6,? ?6FRSH 7KLV?(XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUG?DSSOLHV?WR?ZDVWH?ZDWHU?GUDLQDJH?VVWHPV?ZKLFK?RSHUDWH?XQGHU?JUDYLW?,W?LV DSSOLFDEOH?IRU?GUDLQDJH?VVWHPV?LQVLGH?GZHOOLQJV?FRPPHUFLDO
28、?LQVWLWXWLRQDO?DQG?LQGXVWULDO?EXLOGLQJV? LIIHUHQFHV?LQ?SOXPELQJ?ZLWKLQ?(XURSH?KDYH?OHG?WR?D?YDULHW?RI?VVWHPV?EHLQJ?GHYHORSHG?6RPH?RI WKH?PDMRU?VVWHPV?LQ?XVH?DUH?GHVFULEHG?EXW?WKLV?VWDQGDUG?KDV?QRW?DWWHPSWHG?WR?GHWDLO?WKH?LQWULFDFLHV RI?HDFK?VVWHP?HWDLOHG?LQIRUPDWLRQ?DGGLWLRQDO?WR?WKDW?FRQWDLQHG?LQ?W
29、KLV?VWDQGDUG?PD?EH?REWDLQHG E?UHIHUULQJ?WR?WKH?WHFKQLFDO?GRFXPHQWV?OLVWHG?LQ?DQQH?$? 7KLV?VHFRQG?SDUW?RI?WKH?VWDQGDUG?VHWV?RXW?SULQFLSOHV?ZKLFK?VKDOO?EH?IROORZHG?IRU?ERWK?ODRXW?DQG FDOFXODWLRQ?,W?PDNHV?OLPLWHG?SURYLVLRQ?IRU?GUDLQDJH?VVWHPV?FRQYHLQJ?WUDGH?HIIOXHQW?DQG?DOVR PDNHV?OLPLWHG?SURYLVLRQ?IRU
30、?IOXLGV?UHPRYHG?E?SXPSV? $OO?GUDZLQJV?LQ?WKH?VWDQGDUG?DUH?JLYHQ?DV?HDPSOHV?DQG?DUH?QRW?LQWHQGHG?WR?HFOXGH?DQ?RWKHU VVWHP?FRQILJXUDWLRQ? ?1RUPDWLYH?UHIHUHQFHV 7KLV?(XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUG?LQFRUSRUDWHV?E?GDWHG?RU?XQGDWHG?UHIHUHQFH?SURYLVLRQV?IURP?RWKHU SXEOLFDWLRQV?7KHVH?QRUPDWLYH?UHIHUHQFHV?DUH?FLWHG?DW?WK
31、H?DSSURSULDWH?SODFHV?LQ?WKH?WHW?DQG?WKH SXEOLFDWLRQV?DUH?OLVWHG?KHUHDIWHU?)RU?GDWHG?UHIHUHQFHV?VXEVHTXHQW?DPHQGPHQWV?WR?RU?UHYLVLRQV?RI DQ?RI?WKHVH?SXEOLFDWLRQV?DSSO?WR?WKLV?(XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUG?RQO?ZKHQ?LQFRUSRUDWHG?LQ?LW?E DPHQGPHQW?RU?UHYLVLRQ?)RU?XQGDWHG?UHIHUHQFHV?WKH?ODWHVW?HGLWLRQ?RI?SXEOLFDWLRQ
32、?UHIHUUHG?WR?DSSOLHV? (1?*UDYLW?GUDLQDJH?VVWHPV?LQVLGH?EXLOGLQJV?3DUW?*HQHUDO?DQG?SHUIRUPDQFH UHTXLUHPHQWV? (1?*UDYLW?GUDLQDJH?VVWHPV?LQVLGH?EXLOGLQJV?3DUW?5RRI?GUDLQDJH?ODRXW?DQG FDOFXODWLRQ? (1?*UDYLW?GUDLQDJH?VVWHPV?LQVLGH?EXLOGLQJV?3DUW?:DVWH?ZDWHU?OLIWLQJ?SODQWV? ODRXW?DQG?FDOFXODWLRQ? (1?*UDYL
33、W?GUDLQDJH?VVWHPV?LQVLGH?EXLOGLQJV?3DUW?,QVWDOODWLRQ?DQG?WHVWLQJ? LQVWUXFWLRQV?IRU?RSHUDWLRQ?PDLQWHQDQFH?DQG?XVH? (1?UDLQ?DQG?VHZHU?VVWHPV?RXWVLGH?EXLOGLQJV? SU(1?9HQWLODWLQJ?SLSHZRUN?$LU?DGPLWWDQFH?YDOYH?VVWHPV?$96? ?HILQLWLRQV )RU?WKH?SXUSRVH?RI?WKLV?(XURSHDQ?6WDQGDUG?WKH?IROORZLQJ?GHILQLWLRQV?DSS
34、O? ?*HQHUDO ?ZDVWH?ZDWHU ZDWHU?ZKLFK?LV?FRQWDPLQDWHG?E?XVH?DQG?DOO?ZDWHU?GLVFKDUJLQJ?LQWR?WKH?GUDLQDJH?VVWHP?H?J? GRPHVWLF?DQG?WUDGH?HIIOXHQW?FRQGHQVDWH?ZDWHU?DQG?DOVR?UDLQZDWHU?ZKHQ?GLVFKDUJHG?LQ?D?ZDVWH ZDWHU?GUDLQDJH?VVWHP 3DJH? (1? ?%6,? ?GRPHVWLF?ZDVWH?ZDWHU ZDWHU?ZKLFK?LV?FRQWDPLQDWHG?E?XVH?DQ
35、G?QRUPDOO?GLVFKDUJHG?IURP?:&?VKRZHU?EDWK?ELGHW?ZDVK EDVLQ?VLQN?IORRU?JXOO ?WUDGH?HIIOXHQW ZDWHU?DIWHU?LQGXVWULDO?XVH?DQG?SURFHVVHV?FRQWDPLQDWHG?SROOXWHG?ZDWHU?LQFOXGLQJ?FRROLQJ?ZDWHU ?JUH?ZDWHU ZDVWH?ZDWHU?QRW?FRQWDLQLQJ?IDHFDO?PDWWHU?RU?XULQH ?EODFN?ZDWHU ZDVWH?ZDWHU?FRQWDLQLQJ?IDHFDO?PDWWHU?RU?XUL
36、QH ?UDLQZDWHU ZDWHU?UHVXOWLQJ?IURP?QDWXUDO?SUHFLSLWDWLRQ?WKDW?KDV?QRW?EHHQ?GHOLEHUDWHO?FRQWDPLQDWHG ?IORRG?OHYHO WKH?PDLPXP?OHYHO?WR?ZKLFK?ZDVWH?ZDWHU?FDQ?ULVH?ZLWKLQ?D?GUDLQDJH?VVWHP ?GUDLQDJH?VVWHP D?VVWHP?FRPSRVHG?RI?GUDLQDJH?HTXLSPHQW?DQG?RWKHU?FRPSRQHQWV?FROOHFWLQJ?ZDVWH?ZDWHU?DQG GLVFKDUJLQJ?E
37、?PHDQV?RI?JUDYLW?HIIOXHQW?OLIWLQJ?SODQW?PD?EH?SDUW?RI?D?JUDYLW?GUDLQDJH?VVWHP ?FRPELQHG?VVWHP D?GUDLQDJH?VVWHP?IRU?ERWK?UDLQ?DQG?ZDVWH?ZDWHU?LQ?D?VLQJOH?SLSH ?VHSDUDWH?VVWHP D?GUDLQDJH?VVWHP?IRU?GUDLQLQJ?UDLQ?DQG?ZDVWH?ZDWHU?VHSDUDWHO?E?GHGLFDWHG?SLSHZRUN ?3LSHV?DQG?ILWWLQJV ?VDQLWDU?SLSHZRUN DUUDQJ
38、HPHQW?RI?GLVFKDUJH?SLSHZRUN?ZLWK?RU?ZLWKRXW?YHQWLODWLQJ?SLSHV?FRQQHFWHG?WR?D?GUDLQDJH VVWHP 127(?)RU?WKH?SXUSRVHV?RI?WKLV?VWDQGDUG?SLSHZRUN?LQFOXGH?SLSHV?DQG?ILWWLQJV? ?QRPLQDO?GLDPHWHU?1? QXPHULFDO?GHVLJQDWLRQ?RI?VLH?ZKLFK?LV?D?FRQYHQLHQW?URXQG?QXPEHU?DSSURLPDWHO?HTXDO?WR?WKH GLDPHWHU?LQ?PP ?LQWHUQ
39、DO?GLDPHWHU?GL? PHDQ?LQWHUQDO?GLDPHWHU?RI?WKH?SLSH?EDUUHO?DW?DQ?FURVV?VHFWLRQ ?HWHUQDO?GLDPHWHU?GD? PHDQ?HWHUQDO?GLDPHWHU?RI?WKH?SLSH?EDUUHO?DW?DQ?FURVV?VHFWLRQ ?PLQLPXP?LQWHUQDO?GLDPHWHU?GL?PLQ? VPDOOHVW?LQWHUQDO?GLDPHWHU?DOORZHG?ZLWK?PDLPXP?WROHUDQFH ?EUDQFK?GLVFKDUJH?SLSH SLSH?FRQQHFWLQJ?VDQLWDU?
40、DSSOLDQFHV?WR?D?GLVFKDUJH?VWDFN?RU?GUDLQ ?VTXDUH?HQWU HTXDO?EUDQFK?MXQFWLRQ?WKDW?LV?PRUH?WKDQ?RU?KDV?D?FHQWUH?OLQH?UDGLXV?OHVV?WKDQ?WKH?LQWHUQDO?SLSH GLDPHWHU ?VZHSW?HQWU HTXDO?EUDQFK?MXQFWLRQ?WKDW?LV?DW?RU?OHVV?RU?KDV?D?FHQWUH?OLQH?UDGLXV?QRW?OHVV?WKDQ?WKH?LQWHUQDO SLSH?GLDPHWHU ?FRQQHFWLRQ?EHQG IL
41、UVW?ILWWLQJ?LQ?GLUHFWLRQ?RI?IORZ?DIWHU?WUDS?RXWOHW ?GLVFKDUJH?VWDFN PDLQ?JHQHUDOO?YHUWLFDO?SLSH?FRQYHLQJ?GLVFKDUJHV?IURP?VDQLWDU?DSSOLDQFHV 3DJH? (1? ?%6,? ?VWDFN?RIIVHW QRQ?YHUWLFDO?SDUW?RI?D?GLVFKDUJH?VWDFN ?GUDLQ QHDU?KRULRQWDO?SLSH?VXVSHQGHG?ZLWKLQ?D?EXLOGLQJ?RU?EXULHG?LQ?WKH?JURXQG?WR?ZKLFK?VWD
42、FNV?RU?JURXQG IORRU?DSSOLDQFHV?DUH?FRQQHFWHG ?ILOOLQJ?GHJUHH SURSRUWLRQ?RI?ZDWHU?GHSWK?K?WR?WKH?LQVLGH?GLDPHWHU?GL? ?9HQWLODWLQJ?SLSHZRUN ?YHQWLODWLQJ?SLSH SLSH?SURYLGHG?WR?OLPLW?WKH?SUHVVXUH?IOXFWXDWLRQV?ZLWKLQ?WKH?GLVFKDUJH?SLSH?VVWHP ?EUDQFK?YHQWLODWLQJ?SLSH YHQWLODWLQJ?SLSH?FRQQHFWHG?WR?D?EUDQFK
43、?GLVFKDUJH?SLSH ?VWDFN?YHQW HWHQVLRQ?RI?D?YHUWLFDO?GLVFKDUJH?SLSH?DERYH?WKH?KLJKHVW?EUDQFK?GLVFKDUJH?SLSH?FRQQHFWLRQ?WKDW WHUPLQDWHV?LQ?DQ?HQG?RSHQ?WR?WKH?DWPRVSKHUH ?YHQWLODWLQJ?VWDFN 0DLQ?YHUWLFDO?YHQWLODWLQJ?SLSH?FRQQHFWHG?WR?D?GLVFKDUJH?VWDFN?WR?OLPLW?SUHVVXUH?IOXFWXDWLRQV?ZLWKLQ WKH?GLVFKDUJH?V
44、WDFN ?DLU?DGPLWWDQFH?YDOYH YDOYH?WKDW?DOORZV?DLU?WR?HQWHU?WKH?VVWHP?EXW?QRW?WR?HVFDSH?LQ?RUGHU?WR?OLPLW?SUHVVXUH?IOXFWXDWLRQV ZLWKLQ?WKH?VDQLWDU?SLSHZRUN ?$SSOLDQFHV ?GRPHVWLF?VDQLWDU?DSSOLDQFHV ILHG?DSSOLDQFHV?VXSSOLHG?ZLWK?ZDWHU?DQG?XVHG?FOHDQLQJ?RU?ZDVKLQJ?)RU?HDPSOH?EDWKV?VKRZHUV? ZDVK?EDVLQV?EL
45、GHWV?:&V?XULQDOV?VLQNV?GLVKZDVKHUV?ZDVKLQJ?PDFKLQHV ?QRQ?GRPHVWLF?VDQLWDU?DSSOLDQFHV VSHFLDO?VDQLWDU?DSSOLDQFHV?XVHG?LQ?FRPPHUFLDO?NLWFKHQV?ODXQGULHV?ODERUDWRULHV?KRVSLWDOV?KRWHOV? VZLPPLQJ?SRROV?HWF? ?IORRU?JXOO GLVFKDUJH?ILWWLQJ?LQWHQGHG?WR?UHFHLYH?ZDWHU?IURP?IORRUV?HLWKHU?WKURXJK?DSHUWXUHV?LQ?D?JUDWLQJ?RU?IURP SLSHV?FRQQHFWHG?WR?WKH?ERG?RI?WKH?JXOO?$?JXOO?PD?LQFOXGH?D?WUDS ?WUDS GHYLFH?WKDW?SUHYHQWV?WKH?SDVVDJH?RI?IRXO?DLU?E?PHDQV?RI?ZDWHU?VHDO ?GHSWK?RI?ZDWHU?VHDO?+? WKH?GHSWK?RI?ZDWHU?ZKLFK?ZRXOG?KDYH?WR?EH?UHPRYHG?IURP?D?IXOO?FKDUJHG?WUDS?EHIRUH?JDVHV?DQ