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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12491:2001 Paragliding equipment Emergency parachutes Safety requirements and test methods The European Standard EN 12491:2001 has the status of a British Standard ICS 97.220.40 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Licensed Copy: sheffieldun s
2、heffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 14:33:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 12491:2001 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect o
3、n 15 May 2001 BSI 05-2001 ISBN 0 580 37603 6 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 12491:2001. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee SW/136, Sports and playground equipment, to Subcommittee SW/136/6, Paragliding,
4、 which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalog
5、ue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their cor
6、rect application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monito
7、r related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 15 and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last is
8、sued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 14:33:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 12491 March 2001 ICS 97.220.40 English version Paragliding equipment - Emerg
9、ency parachutes - Safety requirements and test methods Equipement pour le parapente - Parachute de secours - Exigences de scurit et mthodes dessai Ausrstung fr das Gleitschirmfliegen - Rettungsfallschirme - Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prfverfahren This European Standard was approved by C
10、EN on 4 February 2001. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standar
11、ds may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the
12、Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United King
13、dom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2001 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12491:2001 E Licen
14、sed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 14:33:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 2 EN 12491:2001 Contents Foreword3 Introduction.4 1Scope 5 2Normative references 5 3Terms and definitions5 4Safety requirements 6 4.1Deployment system.6 4.2Speed of opening.6 4.3Descent rate an
15、d stability .6 4.4Strength 6 4.5Interaction and stability (piloted) .6 5Test methods7 5.1Test apparatus7 5.2Test conditions 7 5.3Procedure .7 5.3.1General7 5.3.2Deployment system strength test7 5.3.3Speed of opening test .7 5.3.4Descent rate and stability test8 5.3.5Strength test.8 5.3.6Interaction
16、and stability test (piloted)9 6Test report 9 7Manufacturing record9 8Users manual.10 9Marking .10 Annex A (informative) Example of marking label.11 Annex B (normative) Formula to be used for correcting the test mass for differences from ICAO standard atmosphere 12 Annex C (informative) Example drop
17、test devices.13 Annex D (informative) Development tests for steerable emergency parachutes.15 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 14:33:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 3 EN 12491:2001 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/T
18、C 136 “Sports, playground and other recreational equipment“, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2001, and conflicting national stand
19、ards shall be withdrawn at the lat- est by September 2001. This standard is one of a package of standards on equipment for paragliding as follows: EN 926-1, Paragliding equipment Paragliders Part 1: Requirements and test methods for structural strength. ENV 926-2, Paragliding equipment Paragliders P
20、art 2: Requirements and flight tests. EN 1651, Paragliding equipment Harnesses Safety requirements and strength tests. EN 12491, Paragliding equipment Emergency parachutes Safety requirements and test methods. The annexes A, C and D are informative, annex B is normative. According to the CEN/CENELEC
21、 Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following coun- tries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Swit
22、zerland and the United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 14:33:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 4 EN 12491:2001 Introduction The aim of this standard is to enhance paraglider pilots safety by testing to confirm that emergency parachutes are likely to b
23、e able to perform their intended function. As it is essential that the complete system of harness and emergency parachute should have no untested compo- nents, it has been determined that the interface shall be the two attachment points required to be fitted to any EN 1651 Paragliding harness. Emerg
24、ency parachutes are supplied by the manufacturer for testing complete with attachments suitable for connection to such a harness, and parachutes will be tested as if they were so connected. These connections are made in such a way, and/or using resistant material, so that they are not subject to fri
25、ction or heat failure due to the tightening or slipping possible under shock loads. Any metal link is installed in such a way as to minimise any risk of injury to the pilot in an emergency deployment, and to ensure that it will be loaded in the direction of its maximum strength. Licensed Copy: sheff
26、ieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 14:33:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 5 EN 12491:2001 1 Scope This European Standard is applicable to emergency parachutes deployed by the action of the pilot without any other assistance (mechanical or pyrotechnic), intended for use with single-
27、seater or two-seater paragliders. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references,
28、subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). EN 926-1, Paragliding equipment Paraglide
29、rs Part 1: Requirements and test methods for structural strength. EN 1651, Paragliding equipment Harnesses Safety requirements and strength tests. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply: 3.1 paraglider ultralight glider with no p
30、rimary rigid structure, for with take-off and landing are on foot, the pilot is supported in a harness connected to the wing EN 926-1 3.2 emergency parachute an emergency device intended to slow the descent of a paraglider pilot in the event of an incident in flight, which is deployed by the pilot b
31、y an intentional manual action. This may be unsteered or steerable 3.3 rivers the lowest part of the parachute system, which is connected to the harness 3.4 inverted “V“ risers two risers joined by a fixed loop at the apex for attachment to a bridle, or directly to the suspension lines 3.5 bridle a
32、webbing or other rope or cord connecting inverted “V“ risers to suspension lines 3.6 suspension lines the multiple cords connecting the emergency parachute canopy to the bridle or risers 3.7 parachute pack or outer container the external protective container, either supplied as part of the harness,
33、or by the parachute manufacturer for per- manent attachment to a harness 3.8 inner container or deployment bag the inner container which is initially deployed with the parachute, attached to the deployment handle, and contains the folded canopy and suspension lines Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffie
34、ldun, na, Sat Oct 28 14:33:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 6 EN 12491:2001 3.9 special elements to reduce shock loads any special component fitted within the parachute system to reduce the opening shock forces on the pilot and parachute in high speed deployments. If fitted they sh
35、all be clearly identified, by label and colour, and maintenance (and replacement) instructions included in the users manual 3.10 drop test device a rigid test object, of variable mass, with two rigid attachment points for the emergency parachute 30 cm apart. 4 Safety requirements 4.1 Deployment syst
36、em When tested in accordance with 5.3.2, there shall be no failure of any component of the deployment system. 4.2 Speed of opening When tested in accordance with 5.3.3, in both tests the time interval shall be no more than 5 s. 4.3 Descent rate and stability When tested in accordance with 5.3.4, a)
37、in each test the average rate of descent (corrected to ICAO standard atmosphere, see annex B) shall be not more than 5,5 m/s, b) in each test the average horizontal airspeed (corrected to ICAO standard atmosphere, see annex B) shall be not more than 5 m/s. This requirement is not applicable to parac
38、hutes fitted with controls, c) in each test any oscillations shall reduce, d) the emergency parachute system shall not suffer any permanent deformation (except in the case of any spe- cial elements to reduce shock loads which are intended to be replaced after any deployment). 4.4 Strength When teste
39、d in accordance with 5.3.5.1 or 5.3.5.2 (at the discretion of the manufacturer), a) in both tests the emergency parachute shall open fully, absorb the opening shock, and achieve normal descent rate and stability before the test mass reaches the ground, b) in both tests the emergency parachute system
40、 shall not suffer any significant failure of the primary structure (except in the case of any special elements to reduce shock loads which are intended to be replaced after any deployment), c) in neither test shall the shock acceleration suffered by the drop test device during the parachute opening
41、ex- ceed 15 g (= 15 ? 9,81 m/s2). This could be confirmed by the inclusion of a suitable weak link. Availability of suitable weak links may govern the payloads that emergency parachutes can be tested at. It is expected that test houses will initially select commercially available weak links that all
42、ow a suitable range of weights to be tested. For example: By combining 2, 3 and 4 weak links of 6000 N, a test house could conduct tests at maximum payloads of 800 N, 1200 N, 1600 N, etc. As and when alternative weak links or other suitable shock measuring devices become available, test houses will
43、be able to expand the range of tests offered. 4.5 Interaction and stability (piloted) When emergency parachutes fitted with controls for steering and landing flare are tested in accordance with 5.3.6, Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Oct 28 14:33:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy,
44、(c) BSI Page 7 EN 12491:2001 a) the parachute shall deploy satisfactorly, and a normal descent and landing shall be made without requiring the use of the parachutes controls or influencing the paraglider, b) any oscillation shall reduce, c) when using the emergency parachutes controls as described i
45、n the users manual, the parachute shall not ex- hibit any abnormal flying characteristics. 5 Test methods 5.1 Test apparatus a) meteorological measuring equipment to check wind speed, temperature, pressure and humidity; b) zoom lens video camera and video recorder capable of timed single frame analy
46、sis; c) drop test device (see annex C for example design); d) equipment to measure parachute descent rates (see test 5.3.3); e) means to determine the horizontal air speed (readings corrected to true air speed). 5.2 Test conditions a) wind shall be less than 20 km/h within the test perimeter; b) no
47、thermals and/or air movements due to aircraft within the test perimeter; c) relative humidity shall be between 40 % and 80 %. 5.3 Procedure 5.3.1 General The parachute shall be presented for testing with a declared maximum payload, mdec (which shall be the total weight (mass) in flight). In test 5.3
48、.4 the parachute is tested with a corrected payload mcorr, rounded up to the nearest 5 kg. This corrected payload shall be calculated from the declared maximum payload and the prevailing atmospheric conditions using the formula shown in annex B. All the tests shall be recorded on video for analysis
49、of test results. A copy of all video recordings shall be made available to the manufacturer as an aid to research and development. 5.3.2 Deployment system strength test A load of 700 N is applied between each of the components of the deployment system (including the deployment handle, inner container and security pins). 5.3.3 Speed of opening test With the risers secured, and at a horizontal airspeed of 8 m/s (? 1 m/s) and a vertical airspeed of less than 1,5 m/s, the parachute (packed in the inner container according to the users