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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 1948-1 : 1997 The E
2、uropean Standard EN 1948-1 : 1996 has the status of a British Standard ICS 13.040.40 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Stationary source emissions Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs Part 1.Sampling Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, T
3、ue Nov 07 09:10:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 1948-1 : 1997 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Health and Environment Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 October 1997 BSI 1997 The
4、 following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference EH/2 Draft for comment 95/521742 DC ISBN 0 580 27691 0 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateText affected Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrus
5、ted to Technical Committee EH/2, Air quality, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Cement Association British Coal Corporation Chartered Institute of Environmental Health Combustion Engineering Association Department of Health Environment Agency GAMBICA (BEAMA Ltd.) Health and S
6、afety Executive Institute of Petroleum Laboratory of the Government Chemist Royal Society of Chemistry TES (Bretby Limited) Wood Panel Industries Federation The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: AEATechnology Agricultural Develo
7、pment and Advisory Service Asbestos Information Centre Ltd. British Ceramic Research Ltd. British Gas plc Castings Development Centre Council of Gas Detection and Environmental Monitoring Department of the Environment Electricity Association Environmental Services Association Institute of Wastes Man
8、agement Isa England Section (Environmental Section) UK Steel Association Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:10:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BSI 1997i BS EN 1948-1 : 1997 National foreword This Part of BS EN 1948 has been prepared by Technical Committee EH/2, a
9、nd is the English language version of EN 1948-1 : 1996, published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). This British Standard is published under the direction of the Health and Environment Sector Board whose Technical Committee EH/2 has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understa
10、nd the text; present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. NOTE. International and European Standards, as well as overseas
11、standards, are available from Customer Services, BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled International
12、 Standards Correspondence index, or by using the Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the E
13、N title page, pages 2 to 44, an inside back cover and a back cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:10:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iiblank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:10:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN Europe
14、an Committee for Standardization Comite Europe en de Normalisation Europa isches Komitee fu r Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1996 Copyright reserved to CEN members. Ref. No. EN 1948-1 : 1996 E EUROPEAN STANDARDEN 1948-1 NORME EUROPE ENNE EUROPA ISCHE NORM December 1
15、996 ICS 13.040.40 Descriptors: Air, quality, air pollution, gaseous effluents, emission, incinerators, determination, concentration, PCDD, PCDF, sampling, extraction English version Stationary source emissions Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs Part1:Sampling Emissions de sources
16、 fixes De termination de la concentration massique en PCDDs/PCDFs Partie 1: Pre le vement Emissionen aus stationa ren Quellen Bestimmung der Massenkonzentrationen von PCDDs/PCDFs Teil 1: Probenahme This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1996-12-27. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN
17、/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to
18、any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
19、 CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:10:37 GMT+00:00
20、2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 2 EN 1948-1 : 1996 BSI 1997 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264, Air quality, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication
21、of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 1997, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 1997. This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports
22、 essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative annex H, which is an integral part of this Standard. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this Europ
23、ean Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. This European Standard was elaborated by AENOR (Spain) AFNOR (France) BSI (United Kingdom) DIN (Germany) D
24、S (Denmark) NNI (Netherlands) NSF (Norway) ON (Austria) SFS (Finland) SIS (Sweden) SNV (Switzerland) UNI (Italy) The precision and the performance characteristics were determined in four comparative and validation trials at waste incinerators sponsored by the European Commission, the European Free T
25、rade Association and the German Federal Environment Agency. This European Standard EN 1948 : 1996 consists of three parts dealing with the determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs and PCDFs in stationary source emissions: Part 1:Sampling Part 2:Extraction and clean-up Part 3:Identification a
26、nd quantification All three parts are necessary for the performance of the dioxin measurements. The European Standard was developed on the basis of the following national standards or guidelines: NF X 43-313 : 1991Air quality Stationary source emissions Determination of PCDD/PCDF Nordic : 1987Recomm
27、ended method for dioxin measurements in flue gases from waste incineration, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Unichim Method N 825 : 1989 Stationary source emission measurements Conveyed gas flows Sampling and determination of organic micropollutants Sampling PAH determination PCDD and PCDF de
28、termination PCB determination VDI 3499 Part 1 : 1990 (draft) Emission measurement Measurement of residual materials Determination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in flue and stack gas of incineration and firing plants Dilution method Determination in filter dust, potash and slag
29、VDI 3499 Part 2 : 1993 (draft) Emission measurement Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) Filter/condenser method VDI 3499 Part 3 : 1996 (draft) Emission measurement Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) Cooled
30、 probe method Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:10:37 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 3 EN 1948-1 : 1996 BSI 1997 Contents Page Foreword2 Introduction4 1Scope4 2Normative references4 3Definitions and abbreviations5 3.1Definitions5 3.2Abbreviations5 4Principle
31、of the complete PCDD/PCDF measurement procedure6 4.1Sampling6 4.1.1General6 4.1.2Filter/condenser method6 4.1.3Dilution method6 4.1.4Cooled probe method6 4.2Extraction and clean-up6 4.3Identification and quantification8 5Sampling device and materials8 5.1Sampling device8 5.1.1General device8 5.1.2Sa
32、mpling device for the filter/condenser method8 5.1.2.1 Without division of sample gas8 5.1.2.2 With division of sample gas9 5.1.3Sampling device for the dilution method9 5.1.4Sampling device for the cooled probe method10 5.2Materials10 6Minimum requirements for sampling11 6.1Method validation criter
33、ia11 6.2Minimum requirements for sampling11 6.3Additional sampling minimum requirements for the filter/condenser method12 6.4Additional sampling minimum requirements for the dilution method12 6.5Additional minimum requirements for the cooled probe method12 7Safety measures and transport12 Page 8Prep
34、arations and sampling12 8.1Advance preparations at the sampling site12 8.1.1Selection of suitable sampling location12 8.2Advance preparations at the laboratory12 8.2.1Preparation of equipment12 8.2.2Preparation of parts of the sampling train in contact with the sample12 8.3Sampling at the plant13 8.
35、3.1Initial checks13 8.3.2Preliminary survey13 8.3.3Assembly of apparatus13 8.3.4Sampling13 8.3.4.1 Record keeping13 8.3.4.2 Changing sampling line13 8.3.5After sampling13 8.3.5.1 Sample recovery from the sampling train13 8.3.5.2 Sample storage13 8.4Calculation of the flue gas volume13 8.5Sampling re
36、port15 Annex A (informative) Toxic equivalency16 Annex B (informative) Examples of operation17 B.1Filter/condenser method17 B.2Filter/condenser method variant with flow division19 B.3Filter/condenser method variant with solid adsorbent upstream of the condensate flask23 B.4Dilution method automated
37、variant25 B.5Dilution method manual variant28 B.6Cooled probe method variant 130 B.7Cooled probe method variant 233 Annex C (informative) Bibliography38 Annex D (informative) Examples of adsorbents and their preparation and cleaning39 Annex E (informative) Moisture content determination40 Annex F (i
38、nformative) Oxygen content determination40 Annex G (informative) Sampling measurement record41 Annex H (informative) Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other provisions of EU Directives44 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Nov 07 09:10:37 GMT+00:00 20
39、06, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Page 4 EN 1948-1 : 1996 BSI 1997 Introduction Two groups of related chlorinated aromatic ethers are known as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs); they consist of a total of 210 individual substances (congeners): 75 PCDDs and
40、 135 PCDFs. PCDDs and PCDFs can form in the combustion of organic materials; they also occur as undesirable by-products in the manufacture or further processing of chlorinated organic chemicals. PCDDs/PCDFs enter the environment via these emission paths and through the use of contaminated materials.
41、 In fact, they are universally present in very small concentrations. The 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted congeners are toxicologically significant. Toxicologically much less significant than tetrachlorinated to octachlorinated dibenzodioxins/ dibenzofurans are the 74 monochlorinated to trichlorinated d
42、ibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (for toxicity equivalent factors, see annex A). 1 Scope This part of the Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-2 : 1996 and EN 1948-3 : 1996 describing extractio
43、n and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This Standard has been developed to measure concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3in stationary source emissions. This Standard specifies both method validation and a framework
44、 of quality control requirements which have to be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF sampling. The user has the possibility to choose between three different methods: Filter/Condenser Method Dilution Method Cooled Probe Method Each sampling method is illustrated by some sampling systems described in detail
45、in annex B as examples of proven procedures. During comparison measurements on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3, these three methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal w
46、aste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3to 15 mg/m3. In principle it is not possible to evaluate the accuracy (trueness and precision) of emission measurements. Following the validation trials, the internal and external variabilities were calculated f
47、or the process considered and are given in clause 13 of EN 1948-3 : 1996. These variabilities give an indication of the variabilities which have been observed when using this standard and need to be taken into account when expressing results. The procedure described in the three parts of EN 1948 : 1
48、996 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see table A.1). 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cite
49、d at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 1948-2 : 1996Stationary source emissions Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs Part 2: Extraction and clean-up EN 1948-3 : 1996Stationary source emission