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1、BS EN 15483:2008 ICS 13.040.20 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BRITISH STANDARD Ambient air quality Atmospheric measurements near ground with FTIR spectroscopy Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, South Bank University, 31/01/2009 03:12, Uncontrolled Co
2、py, (c) BSI This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 3 2008 BSI 2008 ISBN 978 0 580 56670 7 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication DateComments BS EN 15483:2008 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation o
3、f EN 15483:2008. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/2/3, Ambient atmospheres. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
4、 contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. 1 December Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, South Bank University, 31/01/2009 03:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 15483:2008 EUROPEAN STANDA
5、RD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15483 November 2008 ICS 13.040.20 English Version Ambient air quality - Atmospheric measurements near ground with FTIR spectroscopy Qualit de lair ambiant - Mesurages de lair ambiant proximit du sol par spectroscopie transforme de Fourier (FTIR) Luftqualitt - Me
6、ssungen in der bodennahen Atmosphre mit FTIR-Spektroskopie This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 October 2008. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard witho
7、ut any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
8、made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, F
9、rance, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE
10、 FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15483:2008: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, South Bank University, 31/01/2009 03:12, Uncontrolled
11、 Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 15483:2008 EN 15483:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction.3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Symbols and abbreviations5 5 Principle6 6 Measurement planning10 7 Measurement procedure.12 8 Calibration and quality assurance.15 9 Data processi
12、ng.20 10 Sources of uncertainty24 11 Servicing.27 Annex A (informative) The classical Fourier transform spectrometer 28 Annex B (informative) Monitoring configurations .33 Annex C (informative) Equipment35 Annex D (informative) Conditions for measuring emission flux39 Annex E (informative) Servicing
13、40 Annex F (normative) Performance characteristics42 Annex G (informative) Influence of fog on the spectra .46 Annex H (informative) Sample form for a measurement record.49 Annex I (informative) Calibration by using spectral lines from databases and determination of the instrument line shape (exampl
14、e)54 Annex J (informative) Example applications56 Bibliography67 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, South Bank University, 31/01/2009 03:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 15483:2008 EN 15483:2008 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15483:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/T
15、C 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2
16、009. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organiz
17、ations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Roma
18、nia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Introduction Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR spectroscopy) has been successfully developed from an established laboratory analytical method to a versatile remote sensing method for atmospheric gases. In this me
19、thod, the long-path absorption of IR radiation by gaseous air pollutants is measured over an open path between an artificial IR source and an IR spectrometer and used to calculate the integrated concentration over the monitoring path. Since IR radiation is used for remote sensing, the measurements c
20、an be made without contact, that is to say without direct sampling, and can be made in various directions. These measurements include monitoring diffuse emissions from large-area sources, for example landfills, road traffic routes, sewage treatment plants, areas used for industrial or agricultural p
21、urposes, and in addition the minimization of production losses by tracing leaks in plant sections or piping systems. FTIR spectroscopy is thus suitable for a great number of analytical tasks which cannot adequately be performed using in-situ methods that make point measurements. Generally, using a s
22、uitable measuring arrangement, an overview of the local air pollution may be obtained on site in a short time. This also includes measurements in areas to which access is difficult or impossible, or where the direct presence of staff or set-up of instruments is dangerous. FTIR spectroscopy can be us
23、ed to determine different compounds at the same time. This European Standard presents the function and performance of FTIR analytical systems. At the same time, operational notes are given, so that reproducible and valid measurements can be obtained. In addition, questions of measurement planning ar
24、e discussed and the appendices give a selection of typical applications. In some circumstances (e. g. CO) the method might be applicable for measurement of air quality as required by European legislation 1. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, South Bank University, 31/01/2009 03:12, Uncontr
25、olled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 15483:2008 EN 15483:2008 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard is applicable to open-path absorption measurements of concentration path length product using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique with an artificial radiation source. It is applicable to the continuou
26、s measurement of infrared active organic and inorganic compounds in the gaseous state in ambient air using fixed tropospheric open paths up to approximately 1 km in length and provides a spatial average. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application
27、of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 6142, Gas analysis - Preparation of calibration gas mixtures - Gravimetric method (ISO 6142:2001) EN ISO 6144, Gas
28、analysis - Preparation of calibration gas mixtures - Static volumetric method (ISO 6144:2003) EN ISO 9169, Air quality - Definition and determination of performance characteristics of an automatic measuring system (ISO 9169:2006) ISO 6145 (all parts), Gas analysis Preparation of calibration gas mixt
29、ures using dynamic volumetric methods 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 absorbance the negative logarithm of the transmission, )(/ )(lg()( 0 IIA=, where I() is the spectral transmitted intensity of the radiation and )( 0 I is th
30、e incident spectral intensity NOTE 10 loglg = 3.2 apodisation application of a weighting function to interferogram data to alter the instruments response function 3.3 background spectrum with all other conditions being equal, that spectrum taken in the absence of the particular absorbing species of
31、interest 3.4 instrument line shape (ILS) mathematical function which describes the effect of the instruments response on a monochromatic line. 3.5 intensity radiant power per unit solid angle (non-collimated beam) or per unit area (collimated beam) 3.6 interferogram effects of interference that are
32、detected and recorded by a two-beam interferometer Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, South Bank University, 31/01/2009 03:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 15483:2008 EN 15483:2008 (E) 5 3.7 interferogram acquisition time time to acquire a single interferogram 3.8 monitoring path actua
33、l path in space over which the pollutant concentration is measured and averaged 3.9 open-path measurement measurement which is performed in the open atmosphere 3.10 path length distance that the radiation travels in the open atmosphere 3.11 reference spectrum spectrum of the absorbance versus wavenu
34、mber for a pure gaseous sample under defined measurement conditions and known and traceable concentrations 3.12 signal-to-noise ratio ratio between the signal strength and the RMS (root mean square) noise 3.13 spectral acquisition time time to acquire and co-add interferograms to achieve required si
35、gnal-to-noise ratio, including the Fourier transform processing 3.14 spectral intensity radiant power per unit solid angle per wave number (non-collimated beam) or per unit area per wave number (collimated beam) 3.15 synthetic background spectrum spectrum that is derived from a field spectrum by cho
36、osing points along the baseline and connecting them with a high-order polynomial or short, straight lines 4 Symbols and abbreviations a( ) specific (decadic) absorption coefficient; ai( ) specific (decadic) absorption coefficient of the ith compound; a( )IV specific absorption coefficient of the int
37、erfering variable; a( )MV specific absorption coefficient of the measured variable; a( ) specific (natural) absorption coefficient (=a( )/lg(e); c concentration; ci concentration of the ith compound; Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, South Bank University, 31/01/2009 03:12, Uncontrolled C
38、opy, (c) BSI BS EN 15483:2008 EN 15483:2008 (E) 6 cIV concentration of the interfering variable; cMV concentration of the measured variable; I( ) spectral intensity incident on the receiver (also abbreviated I); I0( ) spectral intensity of radiation emitted by the transmitter (also abbreviated to I0
39、); IV index for interfering variable; l length of the monitoring path; MV index for measured variable ; n number of measured values; wave number in cm1; unapodised spectral resolution; smax maximum optical path difference; standard deviation; t student factor (for a statistical confidence of 95%). 5
40、 Principle 5.1 General In infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy, IR radiation is passed through a sample to a detector and the detected radiation is analysed to determine the spectral intensity which is received. Comparison of the transmitted intensity versus non-attenuated intensity shows at which
41、wavelengths species present in the sample have absorbed radiation. Absorption takes place as a result of rotational and vibrational excitation of the absorbing species, and the wavelengths at which the radiation is absorbed are therefore characteristic of the molecular structure. The infrared absorp
42、tion spectrum is therefore able to provide a basis for identification and quantification of the absorbing species present. For further information on the fundamental principles of IR spectroscopy, a number of suitable texts are available e. g. 2; 3. The FTIR technique measures the interferogram, for
43、 example using the Michelson interferometer technique, of the broadband IR radiation intensity. By performing a Fourier transform of this interferogram across a wide range of wavelengths a spectrum is obtained containing information about the absorption features of gases within the monitoring path.
44、In principle it is then possible to analyse these absorption features to determine the total concentration of a wide range of species. The FTIR system is capable of making simultaneous measurements of multiple species. 5.2 Configuration of the measurement system Open-path techniques measure the conc
45、entration path length product of one or more species in the atmosphere within a defined, extended optical path. The total concentration of the species is derived from this measurement value. Two of the basic configurations for an open-path monitoring system are given in Figures 1 and 2 4. Licensed C
46、opy: London South Bank University, South Bank University, 31/01/2009 03:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 15483:2008 EN 15483:2008 (E) 7 In the bistatic system (Figure 1) the transmitter and the detector are separated at the two ends of the optical beam. The monostatic system (Figure 2) operates
47、by transmitting the optical beam into the atmosphere to a passive retroreflector which returns the beam to the detector. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, South Bank University, 31/01/2009 03:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 15483:2008 EN 15483:2008 (E) 8 Key 1 FTIR spectrometer 2 tel
48、escope for radiation collection 3 ambient air 4 monitoring path 5 IR radiation source with collimating optics Figure 1 Bistatic arrangement for FTIR remote sensing Key 1 FTIR spectrometer 2 telescope for radiation collection 3 ambient air 4 monitoring path 5 IR radiation source with collimating opti
49、cs 6 FTIR spectrometer including radiation source 7 telescope for transmission and collection of IR radiation 8 retroreflector Figure 2 Monostatic arrangement for FTIR remote sensing In the bistatic measurement set-up, the IR radiation source (5) and the FTIR spectrometer (1) are spatially separated from one another. The two instrumental parts are oriented in such a way that the radiation emitted from the IR source and collimated by a parabolic mirror is collected by the FTIR spectrometer telescope (2