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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 60544-1:1995 IEC 544-1: 1994 Electrical insulating materials Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry The European Standard EN 60544-1:1994 has the status of a British Standard Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Th
2、u Nov 09 15:11:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 60544-1:1995 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Electrotechnical Sector Board (L/-), was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 May 1995 BSI 01-2000 The fo
3、llowing BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference GEL/15 Special announcement in BSI News February 1995 ISBN 0 580 24051 7 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee GEL/15, Insulating m
4、aterials, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Ceramic Research Ltd. British Industrial Ceramic Manufacturers Association British Telecommunications plc Department of Trade and Industry (National Measurement Accreditation Service) EEA (The Association of the Electronics, Telecom
5、munications and Business Equipment Industries) Electrical and Electronic Insulation Association (BEAMA Ltd.) Electricity Association Federation of the Electronics Industry Ministry of Defence Rotating Electrical Machines Association (BEAMA Ltd.) Society of Environmental Engineers Transmission and Di
6、stribution Association (BEAMA Ltd.) The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: AEA Technology Adhesive Tape Manufacturers Association Association of Manufacturers of Domestic Electrical Appliances British Cable Makers Confederation B
7、ritish Plastics Federation ERA Technology University of Manchester Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 09 15:11:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 60544-1:1995 BSI 01-2000i Contents Page Committees responsibleI
8、nside front cover National forewordii Foreword2 Text of EN 60544-15 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 09 15:11:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN 60544-1:1995 ii BSI 01-2000 National foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee GEL/15 and
9、 is the English language version of EN 60544-1:1994 Electrical insulating materials Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry, published by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). It is identical with IEC 544-1:1994
10、published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). There are no British Standards corresponding to IEC 544-2:1991 and IEC 544-4:1985, to which normative reference is made in the text, as these have not as yet been harmonized by CENELEC. A British Standard does not purport to include a
11、ll the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i an
12、d ii, the EN title page, pages 2 to 30, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 09
13、 15:11:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 60544-1 October 1994 ICS 29.040.20 Descriptors: Electrical insulating materials, radiation resistance, ionizing radiation, interaction, radioactive dose, dosimetry, X rays, gamma radiation, comp
14、utation, electromagnetic absorption English version Electrical insulating materials Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry (IEC 544-1:1994) Matriaux isolants lectriques Dtermination des effects des rayonnements ionisants Partie 1: Interaction d
15、es rayonnements et dosimtrie (CEI 544-1:1994) Elektroisolierstoffe Bestimmung der Wirkung ionisierender Strahlung Teil 1: Einflu der Strahlenwirkung und Dosimetrie (IEC 544-1:1994) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 1994-07-05. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
16、Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENEL
17、EC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
18、CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardizat
19、ion Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B-1050 Brussels 1994 Copyright reserved to CENELEC members Ref. No. EN 60544-1:1994 E Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 09 15:11:12 GMT+00:0
20、0 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 60544-1:1994 BSI 01-2000 2 Foreword The text document 15B (CO) 91, as prepared by Subcommittee 15B, Endurance tests, of IEC Technical Committee 15, Insulating materials, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote in October 1993. The reference document was a
21、pproved by CENELEC as EN 60544-1 on 5 July 1994. The following dates were fixed: For products which have complied with the relevant national standard before 1995-07-01, as shown by the manufacturer or by a certification body, this previous standard may continue to apply for production until 2000-07-
22、01. Annexes designated “normative” are part of the body of the standard. Annexes designated “informative” are given only for information. In this standard, Annex A, Annex B and Annex ZA are normative and Annex C is informative. Contents Page Foreword2 Introduction5 1Scope and object5 2Normative refe
23、rences5 3Definitions5 4Aspects to be considered in evaluating the radiation resistance of insulating materials6 4.1Evaluation of the radiation field6 4.2Evaluation of absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate7 4.3Radiation-induced changes and their evaluation7 5Dosimetry methods8 5.1General8 5.2Absolute
24、methods8 5.2.1 Gamma-rays8 5.2.2 Electron beams9 5.3Relative methods9 5.4Recommended methods for measuring absorbed dose9 6Calculation of absorbed dose from X- or gamma-radiation10 6.1General10 6.2Calculation of the absorbed dose from a measurement of exposure10 6.3Calculation of absorbed dose in on
25、e material from that in another10 6.4Depth-dose distribution (limitations)11 7Dose estimation methods for electron radiation11 7.1General11 7.2Recommended procedures for electron-beam dosimetry12 7.3Electron-beam irradiation13 7.4Methods for measuring depth-dose distributions13 Annex A (normative) C
26、harged-particle equilibrium thickness25 Annex B (normative) Derivation of numerical factors fi29 Annex C Bibliography30 Annex ZA (normative) Other international publications quoted in this standard with the references of the relevant European publicationsInside back cover latest date of publication
27、of an identical national standard(dop) 1995-07-01 latest date of withdrawal of conflicting national standards(dow) 1995-07-01 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 09 15:11:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 60544-1:1994 BSI 01-20003 Page Figure 1 A typical depth-dose dis
28、tribution in a homogeneous material obtained with electron accelerators for radiation processing (acceleration voltage 0,5 MV, Ru= useful range)20 Figure 2 An example of calculated results of energy deposition function, I(z), for a slab layer of polyethylene exposed to 1 MeV electron (z: total depth
29、 in three-layer absorber consisting of beam window, air gap, and polyethylene layer)21 Figure 3 An example of calculated results of energy deposition function, I(z), for typical organic insulators exposed to 1 MeV electron (z: total depth in three-layer absorber consisting of beam window, air gap, a
30、nd insulating material layer)22 Figure 4 Two methods of arranging the irradiation samples in order to take into account the typical depth-dose distributions: a) specimen and a backplate of the equivalent material; b) specimen sandwiched between two plates of the equivalent material23 Figure 5 Method
31、s of arranging the irradiation samples for measuring electron depth-dose distributions with a stack of slab insulating materials and wedge-shape insulating materials: a) uniform stack method; b) alternate stack method; c) shift insertion method; d) linear wedge method, and e) stepped wedge method24
32、Figure A.1 Absorbed dose as a function of thickness. The part of the curve to the left of the maximum is not well known; therefore, it is necessary to have a sample of sufficient thickness to fall either at or to the right of the maximum26 Figure A.2 Absorber thickness for charged-particle equilibri
33、um as a function of energy for a material with an electron density of 3,3 1023cm3 (water)27 Figure A.3 Thickness of water (1 g/cm3) as a function of photon energy for a given attenuation of unidirectional X-ray or *-ray radiation28 Page Table 1 Current methods recommended for measuring absorbed dose
34、15 Table 2 Numerical factors fi (absorbed dose per unit exposure) in J/C, for calculating the absorbed dose from exposure for elements included in insulating materials Calculated with equation (B4) in Annex B17 Table 3 Numerical factors fm (absorbed dose per unit exposure) in J/C, for calculating th
35、e absorbed dose from exposure for some important insulating materials and other compounds17 Table 4 Basic properties of some important insulating materials and other materials18 Table 5 Mass collision stopping power for electrons in some important insulators and other materials (MeV g1 cm2) 719 Tabl
36、e 6 Extrapolated range for electrons in some important insulators and other materials (g cm2) 3020 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 09 15:11:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 09 15:11:12 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncont
37、rolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 60544-1:1994 BSI 01-20005 Introduction The establishment of suitable criteria for the evaluation of the radiation resistance of insulating materials is very complex, since such criteria depend upon the conditions under which the materials are used. For instance, if an insulat
38、ed cable is to be flexed during a refuelling operation in a reactor, the service life will be that time during which the cable receives a radiation dose sufficient to reduce to a specified value one or more of the relevant mechanical properties. Temperature of operation, composition of the surroundi
39、ng atmosphere, and the time interval during which the total dose is received (dose rate or flux) are important factors which also determine the rate and mechanisms of chemical changes. In some applications, temporary changes may be the limiting factor. Firstly, it is necessary to define the radiatio
40、n fields in which materials are exposed and the radiation dose subsequently absorbed by the material. Secondly, it is necessary to establish procedures for testing the mechanical and electrical properties of materials, which will define the radiation degradation, and link those properties with appli
41、cation requirements in order to provide an appropriate classification system. This part of IEC 544 is the introductory part in a series dealing with the effect of ionizing radiation on insulating materials. Part 2 of IEC 544 describes procedures for maintaining different types of exposure conditions
42、 during the irradiation. It also specifies the controls that shall be maintained over these conditions so that desired performances can be obtained. Further, it defines certain important irradiation conditions and specifies the test procedures to be used for property-change determinations and the co
43、rresponding end-point criteria. Part 3 (IEC 544-3:1979) has been incorporated into the second edition of IEC 544-2. Part 4 of IEC 544 defines a classification system to categorize the radiation endurance of insulating materials. It provides a set of parameters characterizing the suitability for radi
44、ation service. It is a guide for the selection and indexing of insulating materials and for material specification. 1 Scope and object This part of IEC 544 deals broadly with the aspects to be considered in evaluating the effects of ionizing radiation on all types of organic insulating materials. It
45、 also provides, for X-rays, *-rays, and electrons, a guide to dosimetry terminology, methods of determining exposure and absorbed dose, and methods of calculating absorbed dose. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constit
46、ute provisions of this part of IEC 544. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of IEC 544 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the no
47、rmative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IEC 544-2:1991, Guide for determining the effects of ionizing radiation on insulating materials Part 2: Procedures for irradiation and test. IEC 544-4:1985, Guide for determining
48、the effects of ionizing radiation on insulating materials Part 4: Classification system for service in radiation environments. 3 Definitions 151) For the purposes of this part of IEC 544, the following definitions apply. 3.1 exposure (X) exposure is the measure of an electromagnetic radiation field
49、(X- or *-radiation) to which a material is exposed. The exposure is the quotient obtained by dividing dQ by dm, where dQ is the absolute value of the total charge of the ions of one sign produced in the air when all of the electrons (and positrons) liberated by photons in air of mass dm are completely stopped in air: the SI unit of exposure is the coulomb (C) per kilogram: C/kg. The old unit is the roentgen R: 1 R = 2,58 104 C/kg 1) The numbers in square brackets refer to the bibliography given in