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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 15554:1998 Practice for dosimetry in gamma irradiation facilities for food processing ICS 17.240; 67.020 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:30:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15554:1998 This British Standard, having been prepared un
2、der the direction of the Engineering Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 August 1998 BSI 03-2000 ISBN 0 580 32913 5 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 15554:1998 and implements it as the UK national s
3、tandard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Health physics instrumentation, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or prop
4、osals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement inter
5、national or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to incl
6、ude all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages
7、 i and ii, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 8 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComment
8、s Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:30:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15554:1998 BSI 03-2000i Contents Page National forewordInside front cover Forewordiii Text of ISO 155541 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:30:48 GMT+00:00 2006,
9、 Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:30:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:30:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15554:1998 ii BSI 03-2000 Contents Forewor
10、diii 1Scope1 2Referenced Documents1 3Terminology2 4Significance and Use3 5Radiation Source Characteristics3 6Types of Facilities3 7Dosimetry Systems3 8Installation Qualification4 9Process Qualification5 10Routine Production Processing6 11Certification7 12Precision and Bias7 13Keywords7 Figure 1 An E
11、xample of the Maximum and Minimum Absorbed-Dose Locations in a Typical Product (17)5 References8 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:30:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15554:1998 BSI 03-2000iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardizatio
12、n) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be rep
13、resented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Stand
14、ards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 15554 was prepared by the American Society for Testing and Materials (A
15、STM) Subcommittee E10.01 (as E 1204-93) and was adopted, under a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies. A new ISO/TC 85 Working Group WG 3, High-level dosimetry for radiation processing, was formed to
16、review the voting comments from the ISO “Fast-track procedure” and to maintain these standards. The USA holds the convenership of this working group. International Standard ISO 15554 is one of 20 standards developed and published by ASTM. The 20 fast-tracked standards and their associated ASTM desig
17、nations are listed below: ISO DesignationASTM DesignationTitle 15554E 1204-93Practice for dosimetry in gamma irradiation facilities for food processing 15555E 1205-93Practice for use of a ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system 15556E 1261-94Guide for selection and calibration of dosimetry systems for
18、 radiation processing 15557E 1275-93Practice for use of a radiochromic film dosimetry system 15558E 1276-96Practice for use of a polymethylmethacrylate dosimetry system 15559E 1310-94Practice for use of a radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system 15560E 1400-95aPractice for characterization an
19、d performance of a high-dose radiation dosimetry calibration laboratory 15561E 1401-96Practice for use of a dichromate dosimetry system 15562E 1431-91Practice for dosimetry in electron and bremsstrahlung irradiation facilities for food processing 15563E 1538-93Practice for use of the ethanol-chlorob
20、enzene dosimetry system 15564E 1539-93Guide for use of radiation-sensitive indicators 15565E 1540-93Practice for use of a radiochromic liquid dosimetry system 15566E 1607-94Practice for use of the alanine-EPR dosimetry system Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:30:48 GMT+00:00
21、2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15554:1998 iv BSI 03-2000 ISO DesignationASTM DesignationTitle 15567E 1608-94Practice for dosimetry in an X-ray (bremsstrahlung) facility for radiation processing 15568E 1631-96Practice for use of calorimetric dosimetry systems for electron beam dose measureme
22、nts and dosimeter calibrations 15569E 1649-94Practice for dosimetry in an electron-beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 300 keV and 25 MeV 15570E 1650-94Practice for use of cellulose acetate dosimetry system 15571E 1702-95Practice for dosimetry in a gamma irradiation facility f
23、or radiation processing 15572E 1707-95Guide for estimating uncertainties in dosimetry for radiation processing 15573E 1818-96Practice for dosimetry in an electron-beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 80 keV and 300 keV Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:3
24、0:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15554:1998 BSI 03-20001 1 Scope 1.1 This practice outlines dosimetric procedures to be followed in irradiator characterization, process qualification, and routine processing of food with ionizing radiation from isotopic gamma sources to ensure t
25、hat all product has been treated within a predetermined range of absorbed dose. Other procedures related to irradiator characterization, process qualification, and routine processing that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also discussed. Information about effective or regulatory dose li
26、mits for food products is not within the scope of this practice (see Guides F 1355 and F 1356). NOTE 1Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in the production of safe and wholesome food. NOTE 2Practice E 1431 describes
27、dosimetric procedures for electron beam and bremsstrahlung (X-ray) irradiation facilities for food processing. 1.2 For guidance in the selection, calibration, and use of specific dosimeters, and interpretation of absorbed dose in the product from dosimetry measurements, see Guide E 1261; Practices E
28、 666, E 668, E 1026, E 1205, E 1275, E 1276, E 1310, and E 1401. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for gamma rays and X-rays see ICRU Report 14. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
29、 standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2 Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: E 170, Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry1). E 275, Practice for Describing and Measuring Perfor
30、mance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near Infrared Spectrophotometers2). E 666, Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose from Gamma or X Radiation1). E 668, Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic De
31、vices1). E 925, Practice for the Periodic Calibration of Narrow Band-Pass Spectrophotometers2). E 958, Practice for Measuring Practical Spectral Band-width of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers2). E 1026, Practice for Using the Fricke Reference Standard Dosimetry System1). E 1205, Practice for U
32、se of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry System1). E 1261, Guide for Selection and Application of Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing of Food1). E 1275, Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry System1). E 1276, Practice for Use of a Polymethylmethacrylate Dosimetry System1). E 1310, P
33、ractice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System1). E 1400, Practice for Characterization and Performance of a High-Dose Gamma-Radiation Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory1). E 1401, Practice for Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System1). E 1431, Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Bea
34、m and Bremsstrahlung Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing1). E 1538, Practice for Use of an Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System1). E 1539, Guide for the Use of Radiation-Sensitive Indicators1). E 1540, Practice for the Use of a Radiochromic Liquid Dosimetry System1). F 1355, Guide for the I
35、rradiation of Fresh Fruits for Insect Disinfestation as a Quarantine Treatment3). F 1356, Guide for the Irradiation of Fresh and Frozen Red Meats and Poultry (to Control Pathogens)3). 2.2 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) Reports: ICRU Report 14 Radiation Dosimetry:
36、 X-Rays and Gamma Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 50 MeV 4). ICRU Report 33 Radiation Quantities and Units4). 1) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02. 2) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.01. 3) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.07. 4) Available from the International C
37、ommission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:30:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15554:1998 2 BSI 03-2000 2.3 Codex Alimentarius Commission Reports: CAC Vol XV (1984): C
38、odex General Standard for Irradiated Foods and Recommended International Code of Practice for the Operation of Radiation Facilities Used for the Treatment of Foods5). 3 Terminology 3.1 Definitions Other terms used in this practice, in addition to those in 3.1.1 and 3.1.2, are defined in Terminology
39、E 170 and in ICRU Report 33. 3.1.1 absorbed dose, D quotient of d(e) by dm, where d(e) is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of mass dm (see ICRU Report 33) D = d(e)/dm the special name for the unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy): 1 Gy = 1 Jkg1 formerly, the special unit for
40、 absorbed dose was the rad: 1 rad = 102 Jkg1 = 102 Gy 3.1.2 absorbed-dose mapping measurement of the absorbed-dose distribution in an irradiation unit through the use of dosimeters placed at specified locations within the irradiation unit 3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 co
41、mpensating dummy consists of material that matches the density and gamma attenuation characteristics of the actual product to the extent required to meet prescribed minimum or maximum absorbed doses. It is used during routine production runs within a partially filled irradiation unit or at the begin
42、ning and end of a production run to compensate for the absence of product. See also simulated product 3.2.2 irradiation time total time during which an irradiation unit is exposed to radiation 3.2.3 irradiation unit one or more containers of product, collectively transported through the irradiator a
43、s a whole, for example, box, tote, pallet, or carrier. This term is not relevant to bulk-flow processing 3.2.4 primary standard dosimeter a dosimeter that has the highest metrological quality in the field of radiation dosimetry and is recognized as such on a national or international basis 3.2.5 pro
44、duction run a series of irradiation units containing the same food product irradiated sequentially to nominally the same absorbed dose 3.2.6 reference standard dosimeter a dosimeter, generally of the highest metrological quality available at a facility, that is traceable to national primary standard
45、s 3.2.7 routine dosimeter a dosimeter calibrated against a primary, reference, or transfer standard dosimeter and used routinely to make dosimetry measurements 3.2.8 simulated product consists of material that closely matches the density and gamma attenuation characteristics of the foods of interest
46、. It is used as a substitute for the actual product during irradiator characterization 3.2.9 transfer standard dosimeter a dosimeter prepared in a stable and rugged form, used by a nationally recognized standards calibration laboratory as an intermediary to compare absorbed-dose rates in radiation e
47、nvironments and check the calibration of routine dosimeters 5) Available from the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program, Joint Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via Della Terme de Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:30
48、:48 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15554:1998 BSI 03-20003 4 Significance and Use 4.1 Food products may be treated with ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays from 60Co or 137Cs sources, for numerous purposes, including parasite and pathogen control, insect disinfestation, growth
49、and maturation inhibition, and shelf-life extension. Food irradiation specifications usually include a pair of absorbed-dose limits. For a given application, one or both of these values may be prescribed by regulations based on available scientific data. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the capability of an irradiation facility to process within these absorbed-dose limits prior to the irradiation of the food product. Once this capability is established, it is necessary to monitor and record the absorbed dose during each production run to verify complian