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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 11870:2000 ICS 67.
2、100.01 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Milk and milk products Determination of fat content General guidance on the use of butyrometric methods Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 03:34:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This Britis
3、h Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 April 2000 BSI 04-2000 ISBN 0 580 34639 0 BS ISO 11870:2000 Amendments issued since publication Amd. N
4、o.DateComments National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 11870:2000 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee AW/5, Chemical analysis of milk and milk products, which has the responsibility to: ai
5、d enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizat
6、ions represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence
7、 Index, or by using the Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself
8、confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last iss
9、ued. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 03:34:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Reference number ISO 11870:2000(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11870 First edition 2000-03-01 Milk and milk products Determination of fat content General guidance on the use of butyrometric
10、 methods Lait et produits laitiers Dtermination de la teneur en matire grasse Directives gnrales pour lutilisation des mthodes butyromtriques Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 03:34:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 11870:2000(E) ii? Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sh
11、effieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 03:34:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 11870:2000(E) ?iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
12、 carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the w
13、ork. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical
14、committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent righ
15、ts. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO 11870 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34,Agricultural food products, Subcommittee SC 5,Milk and milk products. International Standard ISO 11870 has been prepared by Technical Co
16、mmittee ISO/TC 34,Agricultural food products, Subcommittee SC 5,Milk and milk products, in collaboration with the International Dairy Federation (IDF) and AOAC International, and will also be published by these organizations. Annex A of this international Standard is normative, providing additional
17、information concerning the limitation of the butyrometric methods specified. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 03:34:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 11870:2000(E) iv? Introduction The reference methods described to determine the fat content of milk and milk pro
18、ducts are time-consuming to apply and require some experience if reliable results are to be obtained. Butyrometric techniques, which are simpler to apply, make it possible to obtain fat contents for various milk products quickly. This is why they are used in a great number of industrial laboratories
19、 as a fast method for routine checks. Two acid-butyrometric methods used in many countries to determine the fat content of milk (Gerber method) and of cheese (Van Gulik method) are the subject of International Standards. The apparatus has also been standardized (ISO and IDF). In addition, there are
20、other butyrometric methods and butyrometers which have been described or applied in various countries for other types of products (cream, milk powder, etc.). Whilst only one procedure exists as a reference method for a particular product type, this is not the case for butyrometric methods. Depending
21、 upon the country, different butyrometric methods may exist for one single type of product, presenting many problems for the harmonization of such procedures. The second problem relates to the applicability of such methods. Indeed, with evolving manufacturing technologies, the variety of milk produc
22、ts is such that it is not possible to determine a method which can be applied to all varieties of a single type of product (milk, cheese, cream, etc.). Tests have confirmed this and have shown that the butyrometric methods already standardized have been attributed fields of application which are far
23、 too wide ranging. Thus this general guide has been prepared while maintaining the existing standards. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 03:34:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI INTERNATIONAL STANDARD?ISO 11870:2000(E) ?1 Milk and milk products Determination of fat co
24、ntent General guidance on the use of butyrometric methods 1?Scope This International Standard gives guidance on the following subjects: ?existing standardized methods (both reference and butyrometric) for the determination of the fat content of the various milk products; ?the principles underlying a
25、ny acid-butyrometric analysis and the main operating requirements; ?a validation procedure for a butyrometric method in relation to the relevant reference method. 2?Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions
26、of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the norma
27、tive documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 2446:1976,Milk Determination of fat content (Routine method). ISO 3433,Cheese Determinat
28、ion of fat content Van Gulik method. 3Principle The principles of any butyrometric method remain constant independent of the product to be analysed. Protein is digested with sulfuric acid. The fat in the product is separated by centrifuging it in the butyrometer. The separation is enhanced by the ad
29、dition of a small quantity of amyl alcohol. Direct reading of the butyrometer scale with or without correction. 4?Methods for the determination of fat content Methods for the determination of fat content are based upon acid-butyrometric and reference gravimetric methods. The Gerber method is specifi
30、ed in ISO 2446 and the Van Gulik method in ISO 3433. Existing butyrometric and reference methods for most dairy products are listed in Table A.1. 5?Reagents Use only reagents of recognized analytical grade, unless otherwise specified, and distilled water or demineralized water or water of equivalent
31、 purity. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 03:34:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 11870:2000(E) 2? 5.1?Sulfuric acid, pure, colourless or pale amber and containing no impurities. 5.2?Amyl alcohol (1-pentanol), free of any secondary pentanol, 2-methylbutan-2-ol,
32、2-furfuraldehyde, gasoline (petrol) and derivatives of benzene. 6?Apparatus Usual laboratory equipment and, in particular, the following. 6.1?Butyrometer and stopper, suitable for the method used. 6.2?Dispensers, for acid and alcohol, to deliver the requisite volumes precisely and with sufficient re
33、peatability. 6.3?Centrifuge, capable of spinning a butyrometer, provided with a speed indicator which indicates the rotational frequency with a maximum tolerance of ?70 r/min, preferably of the vertical-loading type rather than the horizontal- loading type. The centrifuge should be capable of mainta
34、ining the temperature of the butyrometer contents at between 30 ?C and 50 ?C after centrifuging. NOTE?The use of a heated centrifuge is permitted provided that the results obtained agree with the reference method. When loaded, the centrifuge should be capable of producing, within 2 min, a relative c
35、entrifugal acceleration of 350g? 50gat the outer end of the butyrometer stopper. This acceleration is produced by centrifuges with an effective radius (horizontal distance between the centre of the centrifuge spindle and the outer end of the butyrometer stopper) as given in Table 1, operated at the
36、speed indicated. Table 1 Centrifuge accelerations Effective radius mm Revolutions per minute ? 70 r/min 240?1 140 245?1 130 250?1 120 255?1 110 260?1 100 265?1 090 270?1 080 275?1 070 300?1 020 325?980 The relative centrifugal acceleration produced in a centrifuge, Ac,is given by the following formu
37、la: Ac= 1,12 ? 10?6? RN2 where R?is the effective horizontal radius, in millimetres; N?is the rotational frequency, in number of revolutions per minute. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 03:34:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 11870:2000(E) ?3 6.4?Pipette or anal
38、ytical balance, precise enough to ensure accurate distribution when preparing the test sample. 6.5?Water bath, thermostatically controlled, capable of maintaining the whole apparatus at the desired uniform temperature, and offering sufficient depth for the butyrometers to be supported in a vertical
39、position with their scale graduations completely immersed. 7?Sampling Sampling is not part of the method specified in this International Standard. A recommended sampling method is given in ISO 707. It is important the laboratory receive a sample which is truly representative and has not been damaged
40、 or changed during transport or storage. 8?Preparation of test sample For each product to be analysed, refer to the relevant reference method. 9?Procedure Accurately and quickly take a test portion from a homogeneous sample. Prepare the test portion by dissolving the protein by shaking, noting the t
41、ype of shaking (vertical or horizontal, frequency and amplitude, etc.). Centrifuge for a specified time with a specified centrifugal force. Take readings rapidly, immediately on removal from the water bath. If the fat cools, its volume decreases and the results obtained will be wrong. If readings ar
42、e being taken by hand, hold the butyrometer vertically with the point of reading at eye level. During this process, hold the stopper absolutely still. If the fat is turbid or dark in colour, or if there is white or black material at the bottom of the fat column, the value for fat content will not be
43、 reliable. If phase separation is not clear-cut, centrifuging twice would produce too high a result. In such cases, repeat the analysis. 10 Care of butyrometers After the reading has been taken, the butyrometers should be inverted, stoppers upwards, on a rack. In approximately 30 min, the fat from t
44、he bulb and the graduation tube will rise upward under the stopper. As the butyrometers are still hot, remove the stoppers carefully, holding the open end close to the bottom of a sink. The emptied butyrometers, still being hot, should be washed without use of a bottle brush, by shaking them vigorou
45、sly with an appropriate detergent. The butyrometers should be plunged into water containing a detergent and filled and emptied several times and shaken vigorously, special attention being paid to the small bulb. Then the butyrometers should be rinsed three times with hot water (i.e. three separate a
46、mounts, vigorously shaking and emptying each time). Finally, the butyrometers should be shaken out very vigorously and allowed to drain with their open end downwards. They may be used again immediately, whilst still damp. However, it is important to shake them out again, immediately prior to use, in
47、 order to remove to the maximum extent any water droplets still inside. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 03:34:21 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 11870:2000(E) 4? 11 Validation principle for a butyrometric method by comparison with the corresponding reference met
48、hod Whatever the butyrometric method used and whatever the product analysed, the method is only an empirical one. The result obtained must be comparable with the result obtained by the reference method. All laboratories, therefore, should validate their butyrometric methods by comparison with the co
49、rresponding reference method. Adjusting the results from the acid-butyrometric method to those of the reference method is accomplished by varying a number of parameters and especially the following: ?concentration of the acid; ?temperature of the water bath; ?the physical properties of the butyrometer, such as the volume of the large bulb, the length and/or width of the graduated tube, the form of the graduated tube and the graduation