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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 19706:2007 Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people ICS 13.220.01 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:51:12 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 19706:2007 This British Standard was published under
2、the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2007 BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0 580 50680 2 National foreword This British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of ISO 19706:2007. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee FSH/16
3、, Hazards to life from fire. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standa
4、rd cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:51:12 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Reference number ISO 19706:2007(E) INTERNATIONAL STAND
5、ARD ISO 19706 First edition 2007-02-01 Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people Lignes directrices pour lvaluation des dangers du feu pour les personnes BS ISO 19706:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:51:12 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontro
6、lled Copy, (c) BSI ii Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:51:12 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 General principles. 2 5 Sign
7、ificance and use 3 6 Generation and nature of effluent. 3 7 Sources of data on fire effluent. 5 8 Effects of fire effluent on people. 8 Annex A (informative) Factors affecting fire threat to people . 9 Bibliography. 10 BS ISO 19706:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank
8、University, Wed May 16 03:51:12 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS
9、O technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates c
10、losely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. D
11、raft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this do
12、cument may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19706 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 3, Fire threat to people and environment. This first edition of ISO 19706 cancels and rep
13、laces ISO/TS 19706:2004, which has been technically revised. BS ISO 19706:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:51:12 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI v Introduction All fires produce toxic gases, smoke and heat. Whether the fire occu
14、rs in a residence, a commercial building, or a transportation vehicle, exposure to this effluent can have serious consequences for the occupants, responding fire safety personnel, and for larger fires, people in the environment surrounding the structure. It is necessary to anticipate the effects of
15、a possible fire on the safety of the occupants when considering both the design and construction of the enclosure, and also the burning behaviour of the contents. Building codes and similar documents for transportation vehicles generally provide for the egress or refuge of occupants: it is necessary
16、 that the time available for escape exceed the time required for escape. Underestimating the effects of fire effluent on the former can result in not providing the intended degree of safety or in overestimating the impact of fire-mitigation tactics, whereas overestimating the threat can inappropriat
17、ely limit the use of construction, finish and furnishing materials and products, as well as constrain occupancy design options and escalate costs. Thus, it is important in the fire safety engineering of facilities to include the effects of fire effluent and to include them accurately and in full awa
18、reness of available knowledge. From a complementary perspective, it is necessary that information on fire effluent toxic potency be combined with additional consideration of design fire scenarios, the combined effects of ignitability, heat release and mass loss rate, smoke density, the occupancy and
19、 the occupants themselves in a fire hazard or risk assessment, rather than selecting, banning or demeaning a construction or furnishing material or product based on its smoke production and toxic potency alone. All measurements, calculations and assumptions are characterized by a degree of uncertain
20、ty. The utility of the outcome of a fire hazard or risk assessment, or the evaluation of the toxic potency of the fire effluent from products and materials, depends on knowing the uncertainties in the assessment methodology and the uncertainties in the input data. This International Standard address
21、es the uncertainty in the characterization of fire effluent, the measurement of effluent effects and the accuracy of the measurements. The purpose of this International Standard is to provide general guidelines for estimating the fire threat to people and to the development of quantitative informati
22、on on effluent potency for use in fire hazard and risk assessment and for the determination of the toxic potency of the fire effluent from burning products and materials. BS ISO 19706:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:51:12 GMT+00:00 2007,
23、Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI blank Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:51:12 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 1 Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people 1 Scope This International Standard is intended to serve as general guidelin
24、es for the assessment of the fire threat to people. It encompasses the development, evaluation and use of relevant quantitative information for use in fire hazard and risk assessment. This information, generally obtained from fire-incidence investigation, fire statistics, real-scale fire tests and f
25、rom physical fire models, is intended to be used in conjunction with computational models for analysis of the initiation and development of fire, fire spread, smoke formation and movement, chemical species generation, transport and decay, and people movement, as well as fire detection and suppressio
26、n ISO/TR 13387 (all parts). Aspects of the methodology described here are further amplified in ISO 13571 and ISO 13344. This International Standard is intended to facilitate addressing the consequences of a single acute human exposure to fire effluent. Other effects of the heat, gases and aerosols (
27、such as effects on electronic equipment and effects of frequent, multiple environmental exposures of people), which are of importance in fire safety design, are addressed elsewhere. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
28、dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 13571, Life-threatening components of fire Guidelines for the estimation of time available for escape using fire data ISO 13943, Fire safety
29、 Vocabulary 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943 and the following apply. 3.1 asphyxiant toxicant causing loss of consciousness and ultimately death resulting from hypoxic effects, particularly on the central nervous and/or cardiovas
30、cular systems 3.2 concentration-time curve plot of the concentration of a gaseous toxicant or fire effluent as a function of time NOTE The typical units for the concentration of the toxic gas are microlitres per litre and for fire effluent, grams per cubic metre. The units of microlitre per litre ar
31、e numerically identical to parts per million (ppm), the use of which is discouraged. 3.3 escape effective action by occupants to accomplish their own arrival at a place of safe refuge BS ISO 19706:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:51:12 GMT
32、+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 3.4 incapacitation inability to take effective action to accomplish ones own escape from a fire 3.5 EC50 concentration of a toxic gas or fire effluent statistically calculated from concentration-response data to produce an effect in 50 % of a population of a
33、 given species within a specified exposure and post-exposure time NOTE 1 The concentration of the toxic gas is expressed as a volume fraction and that of the fire effluent in grams per cubic metre. NOTE 2 The observed effect is usually a behavioural response, incapacitation, or death. The EC50 for a
34、n incapacitating exposure is termed the IC50. The EC50 for a lethal exposure is termed the LC50. 3.6 safe refuge location where the subject is free from incurring further harm from the fire 3.7 time available for escape interval between the time of ignition and the time after which conditions become
35、 untenable, such that occupants are unable to take effective action to accomplish their own escape to a place of safe refuge NOTE The time available for escape, as used in this International Standard, differs from the commonly used term ASET (Available Safe Escape Time) in that the latter implies th
36、at the occupant escapes unharmed, while the former enables the user to define an acceptable level of personal safety. 3.8 time required for escape time required for occupants to travel from their location at the time of ignition to a place of safe refuge NOTE As used in this International Standard,
37、time required for escape is intended to be equivalent to the commonly used term RSET (Required Safe Escape Time). See ISO/TR 13387-8. 4 General principles 4.1 Fire effluent and escape time 4.1.1 Life safety in a fire is greatly enhanced if the time available for occupants to escape exceeds the time
38、required for them to escape and is threatened if the time required exceeds the time available. 4.1.1.1 As specified in ISO/TR 13387-8, the time required for escape includes the time from ignition of a fire to its detection, the time from its detection to an evacuation warning to occupants, an occupa
39、nts pre-movement time (the time between becoming aware of an emergency and initiating egress) and the actual travel time to a place of safety. 4.1.1.2 The time available for escape is the interval between the time of ignition and the time after which conditions become untenable such that occupants a
40、re unable to take effective action to accomplish their own escape to a place of safe refuge. Guidelines for estimation of the time available for escape are specified in ISO 13571. It involves procedures to evaluate the life threat components of fire hazard analysis, e.g. toxic gases, heat and smoke
41、obscuration, in terms of the status of exposed subjects at discrete time intervals. The time at which occupants exposure exceeds a threshold criterion represents the time available for escape. Users of ISO 13571 have the flexibility to set such criteria according to their chosen life safety objectiv
42、es. Thus, an estimated time available for escape might or might not be equivalent to an ASET. 4.1.2 The quantity and nature of the fire effluent are prime factors in estimating the time available for escape. The effluent nature is a function not only of the product from which it is generated, but al
43、so of the conditions under which the product participates in the fire and the nature of the fire. BS ISO 19706:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:51:12 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 4.2 Effects of fire effluent on people Durin
44、g and following a fire, the products of combustion can have lethal and sub-lethal effects on occupants of the facility and responders to the fire. The severity of the effects depends on the composition of the effluent, the extent of the exposure and the physical condition of the subject. Information
45、 relative to the effects on people can be extracted from physical and chemical characterization of the effluent (e.g. using ISO 13571), from estimation of the toxic potency of fire effluent (e.g. using ISO 13344) or from accidental exposures of people to the chemical and thermal components of the ef
46、fluent. The effects of the effluent on people are not deterministic in severity or immediacy, but fall into a distribution. This is due to the range of sensitivity of people to the fire effluent and variations in the progress of a fire. 4.3 Use of fire-effluent data Because the effect of the fire ef
47、fluent on people depends on factors beyond the combustible(s) as a source of the effluent, it is necessary that the fire-effluent composition data be combined with additional information about the facility, the fire and the people into a fire hazard or risk assessment, rather than being used alone a
48、s an indicator of fire hazard or risk. 4.4 Data accuracy and uncertainty All measurements, calculations and assumptions are characterized by a degree of uncertainty. The utility of the outcome of a fire hazard or risk assessment depends on knowing the uncertainties in the assessment methodology and
49、the uncertainties in the input data. This International Standard addresses the uncertainty in the characterization of fire effluent, the measurement of effluent effects and the accuracy of the measurements. 5 Significance and use 5.1 The projected response of people to fire effluent frequently determines the fire-safety design limits for occupancy. This International Standard provides guidelines on the type of effluent information needed to enable such a projection and how to use the data. 5.2 The information d