《BS-ISO-17155-2002.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《BS-ISO-17155-2002.pdf（20页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 17155:2002 Soil quality Determination of abundance and activity of soil microflora using respiration curves ICS 13.080.30 ? Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:23:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 17155:2002 This British Standard was p
2、ublished under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 17 January 2003 BSI 17 January 2003 ISBN 0 580 41111 7 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 17155:2002 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was
3、entrusted to Technical Committee EH/4, Soil quality, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may
4、be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users ar
5、e responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and
6、 keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 12, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI cop
7、yright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:23:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17155 First edition 2002
8、-11-01 Reference number ISO 17155:2002(E) Soil quality Determination of abundance and activity of soil microflora using respiration curves Qualit du sol Dtermination de labondance et de lactivit de la microflore du sol laide de courbes de respiration BS ISO 17155:2002 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun shef
9、fieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:23:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 17155:2002 ii Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:23:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 51712002:5)E( ISO 2002 r llAithgs reservde iii Contents Page 1Scope . 1 2Normative reference
10、s . 1 3Terms and definitions 1 4Principle 3 5Reagents 3 6Apparatus . 3 7Sampling . 4 8Procedure . 4 9Calculation 5 10Test report 7 Annex AResults of an interlaboratory test carried out in Germany 8 Bibliography. 11 BS ISO 17155:2002 iii Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:23:47
11、 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO :55171(2002)E vi ISO 2002 Ar llithgr seresvde Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carrie
12、d out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS
13、O collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committ
14、ees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO
15、 shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO 17155 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 4, Biological methods. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. BS ISO 17155:2002 iv Lic
16、ensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:23:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ANRETNIITOTS LANDNADRAISO 51712002:5)E( ISO 2002 r llAithgs reservde 1 Soil quality Determination of abundance and activity of soil microflora using respiration curves 1Scope This International St
17、andard specifies a test method for determining the activity of the active aerobic, heterotrophic microbial biomass in soils. This method is applicable to the monitoring of soil quality and to the evaluation of the ecotoxic potential of soils and soil materials. It is also applicable to soils that ar
18、e contaminated experimentally in the field or in the laboratory (chemical testing) and for soils sampled along contamination gradients in the field. 2Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Interna
19、tional Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents
20、indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 10381-6, Soil quality Sampling Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the
21、 assessment of aerobic microbial processes in the laboratory ISO 10390, Soil quality Determination of pH ISO 10694, Soil quality Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary analysis) ISO 11277, Soil quality Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil ma
22、terial Method by sieving and sedimentation ISO 11465, Soil quality Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis Gravimetric method ISO 14238:1997, Soil quality Biological methods Determination of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in soils and the influence of chemicals on th
23、ese processes 3Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 basal respiration rate constant mass of CO2 released or mass of O2 consumed per unit mass of soil per unit time without substrate addition See Figure 1. RB BS ISO 1715
24、5:2002 1 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:23:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO :55171(2002)E 2 ISO 2002 Ar llithgr seresvde 3.2 substrate-induced respiration constant mass of CO2 released or mass of O2 consumed per unit mass of soil per unit time shortly afte
25、r addition of a carbon substrate See Figure 1. NOTEIf glucose is used as a carbon substrate, microbial biomass can be determined from the substrate-induced respiration rate (see Reference 1 in the Bibliography). 3.3 lag time time from the addition of a growth substrate until exponential growth start
26、s See Figure 1. NOTEIt reflects the vitality of the growing organisms (see Reference 2 in the Bibliography). 3.4 growth rate rate constant during exponential increase of the respiration rate See Figure 1. 3.5 respiratory activation quotient basal respiration rate divided by substrate-induced respira
27、tion rate 3.6 time to the peak maximum time from addition of growth substrate to the maximum respiration rate See Figure 1. NOTEIt reflects also the viability of the growing organisms. 3.7 cumulative CO2 evolution or O2 consumption total area bounded by the soil respiration rate curve to the time ax
28、is from time of the addition of substrate to the time See Figure 1. 3.8 soil material material composed of excavated soil, dredged materials, manufactured soils, treated soils and fill materials RS tlag QR QR= RB/RS tpeakmax CR BS ISO 17155:2002 2 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov
29、26 03:23:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 51712002:5)E( ISO 2002 r llAithgs reservde 3 4Principle The CO2 production or O2 consumption (respiration rate) from unamended soils as well as the decomposition of an easily degraded substrate (glucose + ammonium + phosphate) is monitored r
30、egularly (at least every hour). Using the CO2 production or O2 consumption data, the different microbial parameters (basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, lag time, respiratory activation quotient, , ) can be calculated. 5Reagents 5.1Glucose, C6H12O6. 5.2Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, K
31、H2PO4. 5.3Diammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4. 5.4Substrate, consisting of a mixture of of glucose (5.1), of diammonium sulfate (5.3) and of KH2PO4 (5.2) which is thoroughly ground and mixed in a mortar. 6Apparatus Ordinary laboratory equipment and 6.1Respirometer for continuous measurement of CO2 evoluti
32、on or O2 consumption, maintained at a constant temperature (preferably ). Suitable examples of equipment are given in ISO 160723. a Addition of substrate Figure 1 Soil respiration rate before and after addition of an easily degraded substrate tpeakmaxCR 80 g13 g2 g 20 C BS ISO 17155:2002 3 Licensed
33、Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:23:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO :55171(2002)E 4 ISO 2002 Ar llithgr seresvde 7Sampling 7.1Sample quantities Choose the size of the soil samples size with respect to the apparatus (6.1) used and on the organic matter content of the
34、 sample (7.1). Samples of organic horizons (e.g. mor layers) should not exceed of organic matter (see References 4 and 5) in order to provide an optimal substrate/soil ratio (see 8.1). It is recommended to measure at least three replicates per sample. 7.2Sampling and storage The recommendations in I
35、SO 10381-6 for the collection, handling and storage of soil samples shall be followed. 7.3Soil sample characteristics Soil samples generating soil respiration curves can be obtained from mineral soils, organic soils, polluted and unpolluted soils. Determine the following characteristics for each soi
36、l sample: particle size distribution in accordance with ISO 11277; water content in accordance with ISO 11465; water-holding capacity in accordance with annex A of ISO 14238:1997; pH in accordance with ISO 10390; organic matter content in accordance with ISO 10694. 8Procedure 8.1Test Pre-incubate mo
37、ist soil samples (preferably to of maximum water holding capacity or to suction pressure) at for to before the beginning of the measurement. Measure the basal respiration of the sub-samples first. Measure the respiration rates until constant rates are obtained. After measuring the basal respiration,
38、 add of the substrate (5.4) per gram of organic matter and mix homogeneously with a spatula into the soil samples. If the organic matter content is less than the substrate-to- soil ratio is i.e. of substrate added per of soil (dry mass). Continue to measure the CO2 evolution or O2 consumption until
39、the respiration rates decline (see Figure 1). 8.2Influence of chemicals The effect of chemicals on the soil microbial activity can be determined as follows. Using a range-finding test, determine the concentration range that chemicals would likely have an effect on this activity. Test a single, micro
40、biologically active soil at five concentrations in a logarithmic series including a blank control in triplicate (for example 0, 1, 3,2, 10, 32, and 100 times the lowest concentration). Use the test procedure specified in 8.1. Using this simple test design, dose-response relationships can be establis
41、hed. Before the start of the test, the test chemical may be added to the soil in one of the following manners: in an aqueous solution (depending on its solubility in water); in an organic solution using a water-miscible solvent (depending on the solubility in the solvent); mixed with a solid, e.g. c
42、oated on quartz sand (prior to mixing with the soil). 1 g 40 %60 %0,01 MPa 0,03 MPa20 C 3 d4 d 0,2 g 5 % 1 %1 g100 g BS ISO 17155:2002 4 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:23:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 51712002:5)E( ISO 2002 r llAithgs reservde 5 If the
43、test chemical is added in the form of an organic solution, keep the amount of water-miscible solvent to the minimum () necessary for the application of the compound. Furthermore, take into account the possible toxicity and biodegradability of the solvent used. NOTELong-term effects of chemicals can
44、be detected by using different incubation times (weeks or months). 9Calculation 9.1Microbial parameters 9.1.1Basal respiration Calculate the basal respiration () as the average of the hourly respiration rate during a stable period. 9.1.2Substrate-induced respiration Calculate the substrate-induced r
45、espiration () as the average of the values shortly after the substrate addition when the respiration is fairly constant after substrate addition. A minimum of 3 hourly measurements should be used to calculate the average. 9.1.3Respiratory activation quotient Calculate the respiratory activation quot
46、ient () by dividing the basal respiration rate by the substrate-induced respiration rate. 9.1.4Lag time, growth rate and time to the peak maximum Calculate the lag time (), growth rate ( ) and time to the peak maximum () by making a plot of the logarithm of the respiration rate against time (see Fig
47、ure 1). The exponential phase of the growth will then appear linear and a regression can be made giving the growth constant, , and the intercept with the . The lag time can be calculated as the time between substrate addition and the beginning of exponential growth (see Figure 1). can be calculated
48、as the time between substrate addition and the maximum respiration rate. NOTEA mathematical equation to which the data can be fitted was given by Stenstrm et al.2 The respiration rate (where is the product and is the rate of microbial product formation) after substrate addition represents the sum of
49、 the respiration rates of growing () and non-growing micro-organisms (). According to the equation for substrate-induced respiration (SIR), at the time of substrate addition, where is the initial respiration rate of growing micro-organisms and the rate of non-growing micro-organisms. 9.1.5Cumulative CO2 evolution or O2 consumption The effect of a chemical on the lag time and on can be combined by determining the cumula