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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 1888:1996 Implementation of ISO 1888:1996 Textile glass Staple fibres or filaments Determination of average diameter ICS 59.100.10 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:05:01 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 1888:1996 This British Standard
2、, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Board for Materials and Chemicals, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 January 1997 BSI 12-1998 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PRI/42 Draft
3、 for comment 88/37460 DC ISBN 0 580 26849 7 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee PRI/42, Fibre reinforced thermosetting plastics and prepregs, upon which the following bodies were represented: BEAMA Ltd. Britis
4、h Plastics Federation Chemical Industries Association Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment) Department of Trade and Industry (National Physical Laboratory) European Resin Manufacturers Association Ministry of Defence Motor Industry Research Association RAPRA Technology Ltd.
5、 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Ltd. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:05:01 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 1888:1996 BSI 12-1998i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Na
6、tional forewordii Forewordiii Text of ISO 18881 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:05:01 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 1888:1996 ii BSI 12-1998 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 1888:1996 and implements it as the UK national st
7、andard. This British Standard is published under the direction of the Sector Board for Materials and Chemicals whose Technical Committee PRI/42 has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international committee any enquiries on interpretation, or prop
8、osals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. NOTEInternational and European Standards, as well as overseas standards, are available from Customer Services, BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. A Britis
9、h Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front
10、cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 3 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheff
11、ieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:05:01 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:05:01 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 1888:1996 ii BSI 12-1998 Contents Page Forewordiii 1Scope1 2Method A: Longitudinal profile1 3Method
12、 B: Transverse section1 4Expression of results3 5Test report3 Figure 1 Example of assembly for moulding specimens2 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:05:01 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 1888:1996 BSI 12-1998iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization f
13、or Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has th
14、e right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft In
15、ternational Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 1888 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Pl
16、astics, Subcommittee SC 13, Composites and reinforcement fibres. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 1888:1979), to which an alternative method referred to as the “longitudinal profile” method has been added. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:05:01
17、 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:05:01 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 1888:1996 BSI 12-19981 1 Scope This International Standard specifies longitudinal-profile and transverse-section methods for determin
18、ing the average diameter (i.e. the average value of actual diameters) of staple fibres or filaments in a textile glass product. This diameter must not be confused with the nominal diameter which is used in the designation of yarns and materials manufactured from these yarns and corresponds to the av
19、erage diameter but rounded to the nearest whole number. 2 Method A: Longitudinal profile 2.1 Principle Fibres or filaments placed in a liquid medium having a refractive index differing from that of the textile glass are viewed in profile under a microscope and the diameter measured. 2.2 Apparatus 2.
20、2.1 Microscope, equipped with the following: An eye-piece with a built-in micrometer graticule, the eye-piece and objective together giving an overall magnification of at least 500 and preferably 1 000. The resolution of the microscope shall permit measurement to the nearest 0,5 m or better (see not
21、e 1). A system permitting lateral and rotational movement of the microscope stage. An illumination system. NOTE 1This system may be replaced by or used in conjunction with a microprojector on which specimens can be measured using a transparent scale (preferably a curved scale). The recommended type
22、of microscope is one using plane-polarized light, and an illumination system with a Kohler light source and an Abbe condenser. A green filter may also be used to give better reading accuracy. 2.2.2 Micrometer scale, with 0,01 mm divisions, for calibration of the optical system. 2.2.3 Glass slide (th
23、ickness: 1,10 mm to 1,35 mm), and cover glass (thickness: 0,16 mm to 0,19 mm). The thickness of the cover glass shall be verified periodically. 2.2.4 Mounting fluid, with a refractive index different (but not too different) from that of the glass under examination. Benzyl alcohol, methyl salicylate,
24、 a mixture of one part glycerol and two parts water are adequate media. 2.2.5 Razor blade or scissors 2.2.6 Muffle furnace, capable of maintaining a temperature of 625 C 25 C. 2.3 Procedure It is not always necessary to remove the size from the yarns under examination. Nevertheless, yarns in which t
25、he fibres or filaments do not separate from each other in the mounting fluid shall have the size removed by burning off to bare glass at 625 C in a muffle furnace (2.2.6). 2.3.1 Set up the microscope (2.2.1) with the appropriate optical system and the moving stage. Calibrate the optical system using
26、 the micrometer scale (2.2.2). 2.3.2 Prepare the specimen and the specimen holder as follows: Using a sharp cutting device (see 2.2.5), prepare a specimen of fibres or filaments not exceeding 25 mm in length. Place the specimen on the glass slide (see 2.2.3). Separate the fibres or filaments so that
27、 they are no longer in a compact bundle, but still essentially parallel to each other. Using a glass rod, place one drop of mounting fluid (2.2.4) on the slide so that it wets the specimen and cover with a cover glass (see 2.2.3). 2.3.3 Place the slide on the microscope stage and, after adjusting th
28、e position of the specimen to obtain a clear, sharp view of the edges of the fibres or filaments, position the slide so that the micrometer graticule in the eyepiece is perpendicular to one of the fibres or filaments. 2.3.4 Move the micrometer graticule from one edge of the fibre or filament to the
29、other edge and note the distance moved. When using a microprojector (see note 1), simply measure the distance from edge to edge of the fibre or filament on the transparent scale. 2.3.5 Move the slide around to obtain 25 readings on randomly selected fibres or filaments. 3 Method B: Transverse sectio
30、n 3.1 Principle A transverse section of a yarn that has been impregnated with resin and cured is viewed under a microscope and the diameter of a given number of fibres or filaments in the yarn is measured. 3.2 Apparatus 3.2.1 Microscope, equipped with the following: An eye-piece with a built-in micr
31、ometer graticule, the eye-piece and objective together giving an overall magnification of at least 500 and preferably 1 000. The resolution of the microscope shall permit measurement to the nearest 0,5 m or better (see note 2). Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:05:01 GMT+00:0
32、0 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 1888:1996 2 BSI 12-1998 A system permitting lateral and rotational movement of the microscope stage. An illumination system. NOTE 2This system may be replaced by or used in conjunction with a microprojector on which specimens can be measured using a transpar
33、ent scale (preferably a curved scale). The recommended type of microscope is one using plane-polarized light, and an illumination system with a Kohler light source and an Abbe condenser. A green filter may also be used to give better reading accuracy. 3.2.2 Micrometer scale, with 0,01 mm divisions,
34、for calibration of the optical system. 3.2.3 Impregnation system, with fast-curing polyester or epoxide resin. 3.2.4 Moulding assembly (see Figure 1, for an example). 3.2.5 Saw, suitable for cutting specimens. 3.2.6 Polishing device Figure 1 Example of assembly for moulding specimens Licensed Copy:
35、sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:05:01 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 1888:1996 BSI 12-19983 3.3 Procedure 3.3.1 Preliminary operations Set up the microscope (3.2.1) with the appropriate optical system and the moving stage. Calibrate the optical system using the micromet
36、er scale (3.2.2). 3.3.2 Preparation of the specimen Bond a length of the yarn whose fibres or filaments are to be examined to a small plate of suitable material by means of a small amount of resin (3.2.3). Allow the resin to harden. Place the plate plus yarn into the mould of the moulding device (se
37、e 3.2.4) so that it stands vertically. Fill the mould with the prepared resin and allow to cure. Polish the upper surface of the moulding with the polishing device (3.2.6) until a perfectly flat, smooth surface is obtained. Remove the moulding and, using the saw (3.2.5), cut a thin disc (about 4 mm
38、thick) from the top of the moulding. This constitutes the specimen to be examined under the microscope. 3.3.3 Location and centering of the specimen To facilitate the location of the specimen in the field of view, reduce the magnification to a value such as 150, for instance. When the specimen has b
39、een located, return to the higher magnification and complete centering. The ends of the glass fibres and filaments will appear as bright discs. Adjust the illumination to reduce the area of diffused light around each of these discs to a minimum, keeping the light bright enough for the scale to be re
40、ad easily. Bring the discs under the micrometer graticule. 3.3.4 Measurements Move the microscope stage so that one of the graduations of the micrometer graticule is tangential to a disc. Record the number of divisions, estimating to the nearest half-division, corresponding to the diameter of the di
41、sc. NOTE 3Oval-shaped discs may be observed. These are obliquely cut sections due to the fact that not all the fibres or filaments in the specimen are parallel. These oval discs can be used to determine the diameter providing that the smallest dimension is measured, this being the only one that repr
42、esents the diameter of the filament. Make diameter measurements on 25 discs taken at random over the specimen. To do this, move the microscope stage across the field of view so that, for each measurement, one of the graduations of the micrometer graticule is tangential to a disc. If it proves imposs
43、ible to make 25 measurements in this way, begin again along another axis, avoiding second measurements on the same fibres, until 25 measurements have been obtained. 4 Expression of results Calculate the arithmetic mean of the 25 measurements and convert this value to micrometres, using the magnifica
44、tion coefficient of the optical system. Express the result to the nearest 0,5 m. 5 Test report The test report shall contain the following information: a) a reference to this International Standard and the method used (A or B); b) all details necessary for identification of the yarn examined; c) a s
45、tatement to the effect that desizing was carried out, if applicable; d) the magnification used; e) the arithmetic mean of the 25 measurements; f) details of any operation not described in this International Standard, as well as any incident liable to have affected the results. Licensed Copy: sheffie
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