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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO 7027:2000 BS 60
2、68-2.13:2000 The European Standard EN ISO 7027:1999 has the status of a British Standard ICS 13.060.60 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Water quality Determination of turbidity Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncon
3、trolled Copy, (c) BSI This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Health and Environment Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 March 2000 BSI 03-2000 ISBN 0 580 34019 8 BS EN ISO 7027:2000 Amendments issu
4、ed since publication Amd. No.DateComments National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN ISO 7027:1999. It is identical with ISO 7027:1999. It supersedes BS EN 27027:1994 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Co
5、mmittee EH/3, Water quality, to Subcommittee EH/3/2, Physical, chemical and biochemical methods, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep t
6、he UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This is one of a series of standards on water quality, others of which have been, or
7、will be, published as Section of BS 6068. The various Sections of BS 6068 are comprised within Parts 1 to 7, which, together with Part 0, are listed below. Part 0 Introduction Part 1 Glossary Part 2 Physical, chemical and biochemical methods Part 3 Radiological methods Part 4 Microbiological methods
8、 Part 5 Biological methods Part 6 Sampling Part 7 Precision and accuracy NOTE The tests described in this British Standard should only be carried out by suitably qualified persons with an appropriate level of chemical expertise. Standard chemical procedures should be followed through. Cross-referenc
9、es Attention is drawn to the fact that CEN and CENELEC Standards normally include an annex which lists normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications. The British Standards which implement these international or European publications may be found in
10、 the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence Index, or by using the Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are res
11、ponsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title page, the EN ISO foreword page, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a b
12、lank page, pages 1 to 10, the annex ZA page and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffie
13、ldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN ISO 7027:1999 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Reference number ISO 7027:1999(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7027 Third edition 1999-12-15 Water qualit
14、y Determination of turbidity Qualit de leau Dtermination de la turbidit EN ISO 7027:1999 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii? EN ISO 7027:1999 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Unc
15、ontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ?iii Contents?Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1?Scope 1 2?Normative references.1 3?Terms and definitions.1 4?Sampling and samples.2 5?Semiquantitative methods of turbidity measurement2 5.1?Measurement using the transparency testing tube.2 5.2?Measurement using the transparenc
16、y testing disk .2 6?Quantitative methods of turbidity measurement using optical turbidimeters3 6.1?General principles3 6.2?Reagents.4 6.3?Measurement of diffuse radiation .5 6.4?Measurement of attenuated radiation.6 Annex A (informative) Results of an interlaboratory collaborative trial to evaluate
17、the suitability of a synthetic polymer for use as a secondary standard to formazine in turbidity measurements8 Bibliography10 EN ISO 7027:1999 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv? Foreword ISO (the International Organization f
18、or Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has th
19、e right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Internat
20、ional Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the membe
21、r bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO 7027 was prepared by Technical Comm
22、ittee ISO/TC 147,Water quality, Subcommittee SC 2,Physical, chemical, biochemical methods. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 7027:1990), which has been technically revised. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. EN ISO 7027:1999 Licensed Copy: s
23、heffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ?v Introduction Measurements of turbidity can be affected by the presence of dissolved light-absorbing substances (substances imparting colour). Such effects can be minimized, however, by performing measuremen
24、ts at wavelengths greater than 800 nm. Only a blue colour, which can be found in certain polluted waters, slightly affects measurements of turbidity in this region of the spectrum. Air bubbles can also interfere with measurements, but such interference can be minimized by careful handling of the sam
25、ples. It should be investigated whether, and to what extent, particular problems will require the specification of additional marginal conditions. EN ISO 7027:1999 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sh
26、effieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI INTERNATIONAL STANDADR?ISO 7207:(9991)E ?1 Water quality Determination of turbidity 1?Scope This International Standard specifies four methods for the determination of turbidity of water. Two semiquantitative methods, empl
27、oyed for example in field work, are specified: a)?measurement of turbidity using the transparency testing tube (applicable to pure and lightly polluted water); b)?measurement of turbidity using the transparency testing disk (especially applicable to surface water). Two quantitative methods, using op
28、tical turbidimeters, are specified: c)?measurement of diffuse radiation, applicable to water of low turbidity (for example drinking water); Turbidity measured by this method is expressed in formazin nephelometric units (FNU); results typically range between 0 FNU and 40 FNU. Depending on the instrum
29、ent design, it may also be applicable to waters of higher turbidity. d)?measurement of the attenuation of a radiant flux, more applicable to highly turbid waters (for example waste or polluted waters). Turbidity measured by this method is expressed in formazin attenuation units (FAU); results typica
30、lly range between 40 FAU and 4000 FAU. 2?Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications d
31、o not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Me
32、mbers of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 3864:1984,Safety colours and safety signs. ISO 5667-3:1994,Water quality Sampling Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of samples. CIE Publication No. 17:1987,International Lighting Vocabulary. 3?Ter
33、ms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms and definitions given in CIE Publication No. 17 and the following apply. 3.1 turbidity reduction of transparency of a liquid caused by the presence of undissolved matter EN ISO 7027:1999 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffiel
34、dun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2? 4?Sampling and samples Maintain all containers that come into contact with the sample in a scrupulously clean condition. Wash with hydrochloric acid or surfactant cleaning solution. Collect samples in glass or plastics bottle
35、s, and carry out the determinations as soon as possible after collection. If storage is unavoidable, store the samples in a cool, dark room but for not longer than 24 h. If the samples have been stored cool, allow them to come to room temperature before measurement. Prevent contact between the sampl
36、e and air, and avoid unnecessary changes in the temperature of the sample. 5?Semiquantitative methods of turbidity measurement 5.1?Measurement using the transparency testing tube 5.1.1?Apparatus 5.1.1.1?Transparency testing tube, consisting ofa colourless glass tube 600 mm ? 10 mm long and of intern
37、al diameter 25 mm ? 1 mm, graduated in divisions of 10 mm. 5.1.1.2?Shield, close-fitting, to protect the transparency testing tube from lateral light. 5.1.1.3?Print sample to place under the tube (5.1.1.1), consisting of black print on a white background (height of characters 3,5 mm; line width 0,35
38、 mm) or a test mark (for example, a black cross on white paper), provided with the apparatus. 5.1.1.4?Constant light source, 3 W low voltage tungsten lamp, to illuminate the print sample or test mark (5.1.1.3). 5.1.2?Procedure It is absolutely essential that tests conducted according to this Interna
39、tional Standard be carried out by suitably qualified staff. Thoroughly mix the sample and transfer it to the transparency testing tube (5.1.1.1). Steadily lower the sample level until the print sample or test mark (5.1.1.3) is clearly recognizable as viewed from above. Read the liquid height from th
40、e graduations on the tube. 5.1.3?Expression of results Report the measured liquid height, to the nearest 10 mm, together with the apparatus used (name of the manufacturer). 5.2?Measurement using the transparency testing disk NOTE?This method is intended primarily for testing bodies of waterin situ.
41、5.2.1?Apparatus 5.2.1.1?Transparency testing disk made of cast bronze and coated with white (see ISO 3864) plastics, attached to a chain or rod. NOTE?A typical design comprises a disk of diameter 200 mm with six holes, each of diameter 55 mm, on a circle of diameter 120 mm. EN ISO 7027:1999 Licensed
42、 Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sat Nov 18 01:49:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ?3 5.2.2?Procedure It is absolutely essential that tests conducted according to this standard be carried out by suitably qualified staff. Lower the disk, on its chain or rod, into the water until the d
43、isk is barely visible when viewed from above. Measure the length of immersed chain or rod. Repeat the test several times. Ensure that no interference arises from reflection at the water surface. 5.2.3?Expression of results Report the depth of immersion. For values less than 1 m, report the result to
44、 the nearest 10 mm. For values greater than 1 m, report the result to the nearest 0,1 m. 6?Quantitative methods of turbidity measurement using optical turbidimeters 6.1?General principles It is absolutely essential that tests conducted according to this International Standard be carried out by suita
45、bly qualified staff. A water sample coloured by dissolved substances is a homogeneous system that only attenuates radiation passing through the sample. A water sample containing undissolved substances attenuates the incident radiation, and in addition the insoluble particles which are present diffus
46、e the radiation unequally in all directions. The forward diffusion of radiation by the particles affects the attenuation so that the common spectral attenuation coefficient ?(?) is the sum of the spectral diffusion coefficient s(?) and the spectral absorption coefficient ?(?): ?(?) = s(?) + ?(?)?(1)
47、 To obtain the spectral diffusion coefficient s(?) alone, the spectral absorption coefficient ?(?) needs to be known. In order to determine the spectral absorption coefficient of the dissolved substance, the undissolved substances can, in some cases, be removed by filtration, but this may cause inte
48、rferences. Therefore, it is necessary to report the results of the determination of turbidity in comparison to a calibration standard. The intensity of the diffuse radiation depends upon the wavelength of the incident radiation, the measurement angle, and the shape, optical characteristics and parti
49、cle size distribution of the particles suspended in the water. In measurements of the attenuation of transmitted radiation, the measured value depends upon the aperture angle ?of the radiant efficiency arriving at the receiver. When measuring the diffuse radiation, the measured values depend upon the angle ? and the aperture angle ?. The angle ? is that enclosed by the direction of the incident radiation and the d