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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 860:2007 Terminology work Harmonization of concepts and terms ICS 01.020 ? Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking per
2、mitted without license from IHS -,-,- BS ISO 860:2007 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 29 February 2008 BSI 2008 ISBN 978 0 580 61273 2 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 860:2007. The UK pa
3、rticipation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee TS/1, Terminology. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for
4、 its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication DateComments Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not
5、 for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Reference number ISO 860:2007(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 860 Third edition 2007-11-15 Terminology work Harmonization of concepts and terms Travaux terminologiques Harmonisation des concepts
6、et des termes BS ISO 860:2007 Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ii Copyright British Standards
7、Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Term
8、s and definitions. 1 4 Harmonization of concepts and concept systems 2 4.1 Concept variation 2 4.2 Feasibility study 2 4.3 Harmonization procedure 3 5 Harmonization of concept definitions 11 6 Harmonization of terms 11 6.1 General. 11 6.2 Term selection. 11 6.3 Establishment of equivalents, synonyms
9、 and term variants. 13 6.4 Terminology planning 14 Annex A (informative) Concept harmonization process 15 Bibliography. 17 BS ISO 860:2007 Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59
10、:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
11、 ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborate
12、s closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards
13、. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this
14、 document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 860 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 1, Principles and methods. This third edition c
15、ancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 860:1996), which has been technically revised. BS ISO 860:2007 Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59:38 MDTNo reproduction or networ
16、king permitted without license from IHS -,-,- v Introduction 0.1 Overview In spite of all the efforts made to coordinate terminologies as they develop, it is inevitable that overlapping and inconsistent terminologies will continue to be used because documents and policies are produced in different c
17、ontexts. Differences between concepts and misleading similarities at the designation level create barriers to communication. Concepts and terms develop differently in individual languages and language communities, depending on professional, technical, scientific, social, economic, linguistic, cultur
18、al or other factors. Harmonization is, therefore, desirable because differences between concepts do not necessarily become apparent at the designation level, similarity at the designation level does not necessarily mean that the concepts behind the designations are identical, mistakes occur when a s
19、ingle concept is designated by two synonyms which by error are considered to designate two different concepts. Harmonization starts at the concept level and continues at the term level. It is an integral part of standardization. 0.2 Conventions and notation In this International Standard, tree diagr
20、ams are used to represent generic concept relations. The following notation is used throughout this International Standard: concepts are indicated by single quotes; designations are in boldface; characteristics are underlined; alpha-2 language codes are in small letters, boldface and italics; countr
21、y codes are in capital letters; examples are boxed. BS ISO 860:2007 Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
22、 -,-,- blank Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 1 Terminology work Harmonization of concepts and
23、 terms 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a methodological approach to the harmonization of concepts, concept systems, definitions and terms. This International Standard applies to the development of harmonized terminologies, at either the national or international level, in either a mono
24、lingual or a multilingual context. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
25、applies. ISO 704:2000 1), Terminology work Principles and methods ISO 1087-1:2000 2), Terminology work Vocabulary Part 1: Theory and application ISO 10241:1992, International terminology standards Preparation and layout 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definit
26、ions given in ISO 1087-1 and the following apply. 3.1 concept harmonization activity leading to the establishment of a correspondence between two or more closely related or overlapping concepts having professional, technical, scientific, social, economic, linguistic, cultural or other differences, i
27、n order to eliminate or reduce minor differences between them NOTE The purpose of concept harmonization is to improve communication. 3.2 concept system harmonization activity leading to the establishment of a correspondence between two or more closely related or overlapping concept systems having pr
28、ofessional, technical, scientific, social, economic, linguistic, cultural or other differences, in order to eliminate or reduce minor differences between them NOTE The purpose of concept system harmonization is to improve communication. 1) Under revision. 2) To be revised. BS ISO 860:2007 Copyright
29、British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 2 3.3 definition harmonization activity leading to the description of a
30、 harmonized concept by an intensional definition that reflects the position of the concept in the harmonized concept system 3.4 term harmonization activity leading to the selection of designations for a harmonized concept either in different languages or within the same language NOTE Harmonized term
31、s between different languages are equivalent terms; harmonized terms within the same language are either synonyms or term variants. 3.5 equivalence relation between designations in different languages representing the same concept ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.4.21 4 Harmonization of concepts and co
32、ncept systems 4.1 Concept variation 4.1.1 General Since concepts may vary slightly on account of differences in professional, technical, scientific, social, economic, linguistic, cultural or other environments, the harmonization of specific concepts or concept systems will assist in reducing ambigui
33、ty and misunderstanding in communication. Some examples of concept variation are shown in Example 1. 4.1.2 Example 1 Concept variation due to differences in professional, scientific, cultural or socioeconomic environments Differences Example Professional Bachelor degree and licentiate degree in diff
34、erent countries are not exactly the same but are close enough to be considered equivalent degrees. Scientific word in the field of linguistics varies according to different linguistic theories. Cultural For Europeans, North America includes the US and Canada while in the Americas, North America is t
35、he region comprising Canada, the US and Mexico. Socioeconomic The minimum acceptable standard of living can have different extension within the context of the highly industrialized countries. 4.2 Feasibility study 4.2.1 Preliminary analysis Before conducting concept harmonization, differences and si
36、milarities between concepts and concept systems shall be examined in order to determine the feasibility of harmonization. Preliminary issues will be concerned with whether the concept systems to be harmonized are from the same subject field, the extent to which both contain the same concepts and, if
37、 the content is overlapping, whether the harmonization project is to be directed towards the area of overlap, or all the concepts in the systems to be harmonized. See Annex A. BS ISO 860:2007 Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=
38、Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 3 4.2.2 Analysis of the subject field Harmonization is more likely to be possible if the following conditions are met: a) a subset of the terminology of the subject fiel
39、d has already been harmonized; b) the subject field is well established and relatively stable; c) the subject field has a tradition of standardization. 4.2.3 Similarity between concepts Whether the harmonization project will be carried out on concepts and concept systems in one language or across la
40、nguages, a cursory comparison of some key concepts to be harmonized in each concept system shall be performed. This analysis shall determine: a) which characteristics the concepts of each concept system have in common 1) within a language, 2) across languages; b) which characteristics of the concept
41、s differ from one concept system to another 1) within a language, 2) across languages; c) which characteristics are essential to each key concept. Successful concept harmonization is more likely to be possible if the following conditions are met: the concepts are closely related to each other and ha
42、ve common characteristics; the essential characteristics are the same or similar and reflect a similar perspective within the particular professional, technical, scientific, social, economic, linguistic, cultural or other environment; a correspondence can be established between the key concepts in e
43、ach concept. 4.3 Harmonization procedure 4.3.1 Selection of concepts The scope of the harmonization project will determine the concepts and concept systems to be harmonized. 4.3.2 Comparison of concept systems All relevant concept systems shall be examined. Ideally, a new set of concept systems, con
44、taining all the material from all the sources to be harmonized, will be produced. However, there may be divergences in the criteria of subdivision which establish the need for separate displays. In this case, the point of divergence can be identified. BS ISO 860:2007 Copyright British Standards Inst
45、itution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/14/2008 21:59:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 4 The comparative analysis of the different concept systems shall take account of the followi
46、ng: a) the number of concepts included; b) the relationships between concepts; c) the depth of structuring; d) the criteria of subdivision used to develop the concept system. 4.3.3 Harmonized concept system maintenance Having assembled all relevant material into a set of concept systems for the purp
47、oses of overall control, it will be necessary to decide whether to retain them in this form for display purposes or to disaggregate them for particular applications. Another approach is to give the concept systems in their complete form even if only part is relevant to the specific context, distinguishing the relevant concepts, e.g. by emboldening or italics. Depending on the scope of the harmonization project, it shall be necessary to decide whether a) a harmonized concept system will be produced after harmonization has successfully been carried out, or b) each concept s