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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 15555:1998 Practice for use of a ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system ICS 17.240 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:09 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15555:1998 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of th
2、e Engineering Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 August 1999 BSI 04-2000 ISBN 0 580 32914 3 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 15555:1998 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK partici
3、pation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Health physics instrumentation, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and k
4、eep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European pu
5、blications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary p
6、rovisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the ISO titl
7、e page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 12, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComment
8、s Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:09 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15555:1998 BSI 04-2000i Contents Page National forewordInside front cover Forewordiii Text of ISO 155551 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:09 GMT+00:00 2006,
9、 Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:09 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:09 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15555:1998 ii BSI 04-2000 Contents Page Fo
10、rewordiii 1Scope1 2Referenced Documents1 3Terminology2 4Significance and Use3 5Interferences3 6Apparatus4 7Reagents4 8Preparation of the Dosimetric Solution4 9Spectrophotometer Calibration5 10Calibration of the Dosimetric Solution6 11Dosimetric Procedure9 12Calculation9 13Precision and Bias10 14Keyw
11、ords10 Appendix X1 (nonmandatory information) The electrochemical cell11 Appendix X2 (nonmandatory information) A Procedure for preparing nominal stock solutions for the dosimeter11 ReferencesInside back cover Figure X1.1 Electrochemical Cell11 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26
12、03:31:09 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15555:1998 BSI 04-2000iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out thr
13、ough ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collabo
14、rates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by a
15、t least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 15555 was prepared by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Subcommittee E10.01 (as E 1205-93) and was adopted, under a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, in pa
16、rallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies. A new ISO/TC 85 Working Group WG 3, High-level dosimetry for radiation processing, was formed to review the voting comments from the ISO “Fast-track procedure” and to maintain these standards. The USA holds the convenership of this working group. In
17、ternational Standard ISO 15555 is one of 20 standards developed and published by ASTM. The 20 fast-tracked standards and their associated ASTM designations are listed below: ISO DesignationASTM Designation Title 15554E 1204-93Practice for dosimetry in gamma irradiation facilities for food processing
18、 15555E 1205-93Practice for use of a ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system 15556E 1261-94Guide for selection and calibration of dosimetry systems for radiation processing 15557E 1275-93Practice for use of a radiochromic film dosimetry system 15558E 1276-96Practice for use of a polymethylmethacrylate
19、 dosimetry system 15559E 1310-94Practice for use of a radiochromic optical waveguide dosimetry system 15560E 1400-95aPractice for characterization and performance of a high-dose radiation dosimetry calibration laboratory 15561E 1401-96Practice for use of a dichromate dosimetry system 15562E 1431-91P
20、ractice for dosimetry in electron and bremsstrahlung irradiation facilities for food processing 15563E 1538-93Practice for use of the ethanol-chlorobenzene dosimetry system 15564E 1539-93Guide for use of radiation-sensitive indicators 15565E 1540-93Practice for use of a radiochromic liquid dosimetry
21、 system Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:09 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15555:1998 iv BSI 04-2000 ISO DesignationASTM Designation Title 15566E 1607-94Practice for use of the alanine-EPR dosimetry system 15567E 1608-94Practice for dosimetry in an X-ra
22、y (bremsstrahlung) facility for radiation processing 15568E 1631-96Practice for use of calorimetric dosimetry systems for electron beam dose measurements and dosimeter calibrations 15569E 1649-94Practice for dosimetry in an electron-beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 300 keV
23、and 25 MeV 15570E 1650-94Practice for use of cellulose acetate dosimetry system 15571E 1702-95Practice for dosimetry in a gamma irradiation facility for radiation processing 15572E 1707-95Guide for estimating uncertainties in dosimetry for radiation processing 15573E 1818-96Practice for dosimetry in
24、 an electron-beam facility for radiation processing at energies between 80 keV and 300 keV Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:09 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15555:1998 BSI 04-20001 1 Scope 1.1 This practice covers the preparation, testing, and procedur
25、e for using the ceric-cerous sulfate dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose in water when exposed to ionizing radiation. For simplicity, the system will be referred to as the ceric-cerous system. It is classified as a reference standard dosimetry system (see Guide E 1261). 1.2 This practice descr
26、ibes both the spectrophotometric and the potentiometric readout procedures for the ceric-cerous systems. 1.3 This practice applies only to rays, X-rays, and high energy electrons. 1.4 This practice applies provided the following are satisfied: 1.4.1 The absorbed-dose range shall be between 5 102 and
27、 5 104 Gy (1).1) 1.4.2 The absorbed-dose rate shall be less than 106Gy/s (1). 1.4.3 For radionuclide gamma-ray sources, the initial photon energy shall be greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung photons, the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the bremsstrahlung photons shall be equal t
28、o or greater than 2 MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy shall be greater than 8 MeV. NOTE 1The lower energy limits are appropriate for a cylindrical dosimeter ampoule of 12-mm diameter. Corrections for dose gradients across an ampoule of that diameter or less are not required. The c
29、eric-cerous system may be used at lower energies by employing thinner (in the beam direction) dosimeter containers (see ICRU Report 35). 1.4.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter should be between 0 and 62 C. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any,
30、associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2 Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: C 912, Practice for Designing a Process for Cleaning
31、Technical Glasses2). D 941, Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer3). D 1193, Specification for Reagent Water4). E 170, Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry5). E 178, Practice for Dealing with Outlying Obser
32、vations6). E 275, Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near Infrared Spectrophotometers7). E 666, Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose from Gamma or X Radiation5). E 668, Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determinin
33、g Absorbed Dose in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices5). E 925, Practice for the Periodic Calibration of Narrow Band-Pass Spectrophotometers7). E 958, Practice for Measuring Practice Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers7). E 1026, Practice for Using the Fricke R
34、eference Standard Dosimetry System5). E 1261, Guide for Selection and Application of Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing of Food5). E 1400, Practice for Characterization and Performance of a High-Dose Gamma Radiation Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory5). E 1401, Practice for Use of a Dichromate
35、 Dosimetry System5). 1) The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to this test method. 2) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02. 3) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. 4) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. 5) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02
36、. 6) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. 7) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.01. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:09 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15555:1998 2 BSI 04-2000 2.2 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICR
37、U) Reports: ICRU Report 10b Physical Aspects of Irradiation8). ICRU Report 14 Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays and Gamma Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 60 MeV8). ICRU Report 33 Radiation Quantities and Units8). ICRU Report 34 The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation8). ICRU Report 35 Radiatio
38、n Dosimetry: Electrons with Initial Energies Between 1 and 50 MeV8). 3 Terminology 3.1 Definitions 3.1.1 absorbed dose, D the quotient of d? by dm, where d? is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to the matter of mass dm (see ICRU Report 33) The special name of the unit for absorbed dose
39、is the gray (Gy): 1 Gy = 1 Jkg1 DISCUSSION Formerly, the special unit for absorbed dose was the rad: 1 rad = 102 Jkg1 = 102 Gy 3.1.2 calibration facility combination of an ionizing radiation source and its associated instrumentation that provides traceable, uniform, and reproducible absorbed dose ra
40、tes at specific locations and in a specific material. It may be used to calibrate the response of routine or other types of dosimeters as a function of absorbed dose 3.1.3 electropotential difference in potential, %E, between irradiated and unirradiated solutions in an electrochemical cell measured
41、in millivolts 3.1.4 measurement quality assurance plan a documented program for the measurement process that quantifies the total uncertainty of the measurements (both random and systematic error components). This plan shall demonstrate traceability to national standards, and shall show that the tot
42、al uncertainty meets the requirements of the specific application 3.1.5 molar linear absorption coefficient, that is, the difference between the blank (average of the three) and irradiated absorbance values. 11.3.2 For potentiometric readings, measure %E directly for each irradiated dosimeter accord
43、ing to the procedures given in 10.8.2 through 10.8.7. 12 Calculation 12.1 For spectrophotometric readings, calculate the absorbed dose Ds in grays, using the following equation (see Practice 1026): where: 12.2 For potentiometric readings, calculate the absorbed dose Dp in grays, using the following
44、equation: where: (13) %A= change in absorbance, G(Ce3+)= radiochemical yield of the cerous ion, molJ1, therefore, use the following equation to obtain the G(Ce3+) value for determining absorbed dose by Eqs 13 and 14: where: 13 Precision and Bias 13.1 In applying this practice, the random uncertainti
45、es and the systematic uncertainties should be estimated to the extent possible. The overall uncertainty in absorbed dose should be obtained from a combination of these uncertainties, and the procedure for combining these uncertainties should be stated explicitly in all results. 13.2 If this practice
46、 is carefully applied, the combined uncertainty at the 95 % confidence level should be no more than 4 % for an absorbed dose value measured in the range of application. 14 Keywords 14.1 absorbed dose; ceric-cerous sulfate dosimeter; dose; dose measurement; dosimeter; dosimetry system; electron beam;
47、 gamma radiation; ionizing radiation; irradiation; photons; radiation; radiation processing; reference standard dosimeter; X rays G(Ce3+) = 2.55 0.87 ()1/3 0.0052T1.036 107 (15) =mean molarity of the cerous ion in solution during irradiation, molL1, and T=irradiation temperature, C (within the range
48、 from 0 to 62 C). M5 M5 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Sun Nov 26 03:31:09 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 15555:1998 BSI 04-200011 Appendix X1 (nonmandatory information) The electrochemical cell X1.1 The electrochemical cell shown in Figure X1.1 has two compartments,
49、A and B, separated by a glass frit, C. X1.2 Compartment A contains the unirradiated dosimetric solution. X1.3 Compartment B contains either unirradiated or irradiated dosimetric solution. X1.4 The glass frit C provides contact between the two solutions and shall have a porosity of less than 2 4m. X1.5 The small open tip of compartment B is inserted into the neck of a dosimeter ampoule D. The glass syringe E is used alternately to draw into compartment B the dosimetric solution and then expel the solution after measurement. X1.6