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1、Radiation protection instrumentation Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments Part 4: Equipment for the production of reference atmospheres containing radon isotopes and their decay products (STAR) BS IEC 61577-4:2009 raising standards worldwide NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS
2、 PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BSI British Standards Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:31, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of IEC 61577-4:2009. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Commit
3、tee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2009 ISB
4、N 978 0 580 54654 9 ICS 13.280 BRITISH STANDARDBS IEC 61577-4:2009 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2009. Amendments issued since public
5、ation Amd. No. Date Text affected Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:31, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI IEC 61577-4 Edition 1.0 2009-02 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Radiation protection instrumentation Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments Part 4: Eq
6、uipment for the production of reference atmospheres containing radon isotopes and their decay products (STAR) Instrumentation pour la radioprotection Instruments de mesure du radon et des descendants du radon Partie 4: Dispositif pour la ralisation datmosphres de rfrence contenant des isotopes du ra
7、don et leurs descendants (STAR) INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE U ICS 13.280 PRICE CODE CODE PRIX ISBN 2-8318-1031-3 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique International
8、e BS IEC 61577-4:2009 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:31, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 61577-4 IEC:2009 CONTENTS FOREWORD.4 INTRODUCTION.6 1 Scope and object7 2 Normative references .7 3 Terms, definitions and units8 3.1 General terms and definitions8 3.2 Specific terms a
9、nd definitions9 3.3 Units and conversion factors .12 4 General description of a System for Test Atmospheres with Radon (STAR)13 4.1 General.13 4.2 Mode of operation of a STAR 14 4.2.1 Static mode of operation14 4.2.2 Dynamic mode of operation .14 5 Characteristics of a STAR 15 5.1 General.15 5.2 STA
10、R for radon .16 5.2.1 General .16 5.2.2 Technical characteristics of STAR containers 16 5.2.3 Radon sources 16 5.2.4 222Rn and 220Rn analysis and control.17 5.2.5 Analysis and control of climatic parameters .18 5.3 STAR for radon and RnDP 18 5.3.1 General .18 5.3.2 Technical characteristics of STAR
11、containers 18 5.3.3 RnDP sources .18 5.3.4 RnDP analysis and control.19 5.3.5 Sampling flow rate of equipment under test .19 5.3.6 Analysis and control of climatic parameters .20 6 Requirements for the reference atmosphere provided by STAR20 6.1 General.20 6.2 Reference conditions.20 6.3 Influence q
12、uantities .21 6.3.1 General .21 6.3.2 Temperature22 6.3.3 Relative humidity.22 6.3.4 Atmospheric pressure22 6.3.5 Ambient gamma field.23 6.3.6 Working range for exposure to RnDP.23 6.3.7 Working range for aerosols23 6.3.8 Exposure time for the instrument under test.23 7 Calibration and traceability
13、of measurement methods and instruments used in a STAR .23 7.1 Traceability chains 23 7.2 Quality assurance .24 Annex A (informative) Characteristics of atmospheres that can be simulated in a STAR25 BS IEC 61577-4:2009 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:31, Uncontrolled Copy,
14、 (c) BSI 61577-4 IEC:2009 3 Bibliography27 Figure 1 Components of a STAR: general case13 Figure 2 Minimum requirements for a STAR.14 Figure 3 Dynamic mode of operation of a STAR.15 Table 1 Reference and standard test conditions.21 Table 2 Tests with variation of the influence quantities 21 Table A.1
15、 Atmosphere characteristic ranges (typical values)26 BS IEC 61577-4:2009 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:31, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 61577-4 IEC:2009 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION RADON AND RADON DECAY PRODUCT MEASUR
16、ING INSTRUMENTS Part 4: Equipment for the production of reference atmospheres containing radon isotopes and their decay products (STAR) FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees
17、(IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Repor
18、ts, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and no
19、n- governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements
20、of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are
21、 accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote inter
22、national uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in t
23、he latter. 5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or
24、 its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expens
25、es arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attent
26、ion is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 61577-4 has been prepared by subcommittee 45B: Radiation protection instr
27、umentation, of IEC technical committee 45: Nuclear instrumentation. The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS Report on voting 45B/598/FDIS 45B/606/RVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the abo
28、ve table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. BS IEC 61577-4:2009 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:31, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 61577-4 IEC:2009 5 A list of all parts of the IEC 61577 series, under the general title Radiat
29、ion protection instrumentation Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments, can be found on the IEC website. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in
30、the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. BS IEC 61577-4:2009 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:31, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 6 61577-4 IEC:2009 INTRODUCTION Radon
31、is a radioactive gas produced by the decay of 226Ra, 223Ra and 224Ra, respectively decay products of 238U, 235U and 232Th which are present in the earths crust. By decay, radon isotopes (i.e. 222Rn, 219Rn, 220Rn) produce three decay chains, each ending in a stable lead isotope. NOTE In normal condit
32、ions, due to the very short half-life of 219Rn, its activity and the activity of its RnDP1 are considered negligible compared to the activity of the two other series. Its health effects are therefore not important. Thus in this standard 219Rn and its decay products are not considered. Radon isotopes
33、 and their corresponding short-lived Radon Decay Products (RnDP) (i.e. 218Po, 214Pb, 214Bi, 214Po for 222Rn, and 216Po, 212Pb, 212Bi, 212Po, 208Tl for 220Rn) are of considerable importance, as they constitute the major part of the radiological exposure to natural radioactivity for the general public
34、 and workers. In some workplaces, for instance in underground mines, spas and waterworks, the workers are exposed to very significant levels of RnDP. These radionuclides are present in variable quantities in the air, in a gaseous form for the radon isotopes, and as very fine particles for the decay
35、products. It is worthwhile for health physicists to be able to measure with a great accuracy the level of this kind of natural radioactivity in the atmosphere. Because the very particular behaviour of these radioactive elements in the atmosphere and in the corresponding measuring instruments, it is
36、necessary to formalize the way such instruments could be tested. Remark: In order to facilitate its use, the IEC 61577 series is divided into the following different parts: IEC 61577-1: This emphasizes the terminology and units of the specific field of radon and radon decay products (RnDP) measureme
37、nt techniques and presents briefly the concept of System for Test Atmospheres with Radon (STAR) used for test and calibration of radon and RnDP measuring devices. IEC 61577-2: This part is dedicated to the tests of 222Rn and 220Rn measuring instruments. IEC 61577-3: This part is dedicated to the tes
38、ts of RnDP222 and RnDP220 measuring instruments. IEC 61577-4: Details how a STAR is constructed and how it can be used for testing. 1 RnDP is the acronym of Radon Decay Products and it is equivalent to Radon Progeny (see 1 in the Bibliography). BS IEC 61577-4:2009 Licensed CopyChinese University of
39、Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:31, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 61577-4 IEC:2009 7 RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION RADON AND RADON DECAY PRODUCT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Part 4: Equipment for the production of reference atmospheres containing radon isotopes and their decay products (STAR) 1 Scope and obje
40、ct The IEC 61577 series covers the general features concerning test and calibration of radon and radon decay products measuring instruments. It is also intended to help define type tests, which have to be conducted in order to qualify these instruments. These type tests are described in IEC 61577-2
41、and IEC 61577-3. This standard addresses only the instruments and associated methods for measuring isotopes 220 and 222 of radon and their subsequent short-lived decay products in gases. IEC 61577-4 concerns the System for Test Atmospheres with Radon (STAR) needed for testing, in a reference atmosph
42、ere, the instruments measuring radon and RnDP. The clauses that follow do neither claim to solve all the problems involved in the production of equipment for setting up reference atmospheres for radon and its decay products, nor to describe all the methods for doing so. They do however set out to be
43、 a guide enabling those faced with such problems to choose the best methods for adoption in full knowledge of the facts. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
44、 references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60050-111:1996, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) Chapter 111: Physics and chemistry IEC 60050-393:2003, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) Part 393: Nuclear instrumentation
45、Physical phenomena and basic concepts IEC 60050-394:2007, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) Part 394: Nuclear instrumentation Instruments, systems, equipment and detectors IEC 61577 (all parts), Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1 000 V a.c. and 1 500 V d.c. E
46、quipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, International vocabulary of metrology Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories ICRP 32: Annals of th
47、e ICRP, Publication N 32, Limits for inhalation of Radon Daughters by Workers, Vol. 6, N1, 1981, Pergamon Press ICRP 38: Annals of the ICRP, Publication N 38, Radionuclides transformations, Energy and Intensity of Emissions, Vol. 11 - 13, 1983, Pergamon Press BS IEC 61577-4:2009 Licensed CopyChinese
48、 University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:31, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 8 61577-4 IEC:2009 ICRP 65: Annals of the ICRP, Publication N 65, ICRP Publication 65: Protection Against Radon-222 at Home and at Work, Vol. 23/2, 1994, Pergamon Press 3 Terms, definitions and units For the purposes of this docu
49、ment, the following terms, definitions and units apply. Throughout the whole standard, the term RADON is used to denote all the radon isotopes, which are covered by this standard. When a particular isotope is to be referred to, it will be indicated by its chemical symbol preceded by its mass number (e.g. 220Rn, 222Rn). For historical reasons, 220Rn is also called thoron. The term RADON DECAY PRODUCTS or its abbreviation (RnDP)