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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 11567:1995 Implementation of ISO 11567:1995 Carbon fibre Determination of filament diameter and cross-sectional area ICS 59.100.20 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:04:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 11567:1995 This British Standar
2、d, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Board for Materials and Chemicals, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 July 1996 BSI 02-2000 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PRI/42 Draft f
3、or comment 94/304740 DC ISBN 0 580 25882 3 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee PRI/42, Fibre reinforced thermosetting plastics and prepregs, upon which the following bodies were represented: BEAMA Ltd. British
4、 Plastics Federation Chemical Industries Association Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment) Department of Trade and Industry (National Physical Laboratory) European Resin Manufacturers Association Ministry of Defence Motor Industry Research Association RAPRA Technology Ltd.
5、Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Limited Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:04:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 11567:1995 BSI 02-2000i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover
6、 National forewordii Forewordiii Text of ISO 115671 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:04:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 11567:1995 ii BSI 02-2000 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 11567:1995 and implements it as the UK natio
7、nal standard. This British Standard is published under the direction of the Sector Board for Materials and Chemicals whose Technical Committee PRI/42 has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international committee any enquiries on interpretation, o
8、r proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. NOTEInternational and European Standards, as well as overseas standards, are available from Customer Services, BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. A
9、British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a
10、front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 6 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy:
11、 sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:04:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:04:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 11567:1995 ii BSI 02-2000 Contents Page Forewordiii 1Scope1 2Normative references1 3Principle
12、1 4Test specimens1 4.1Method A1 4.2Methods B and D1 4.3Method C1 5Method A: Determination of the diameter by calculation1 6Method B: Determination of filament diameter by optical microscopy2 6.1Principle2 6.2Apparatus2 6.3Calibration of the microscope2 6.4Preparation of the test specimen2 6.5Procedu
13、re2 6.6Expression of results3 7Method C: Determination of the diameter and cross-sectional area of transversely cut filaments by microscopy3 7.1Principle3 7.2Apparatus3 7.3Preparation of test specimen3 7.4Procedure3 7.4.1Optical microscopic examination3 7.4.2Scanning electron microscopy3 7.5Measurem
14、ents of the diameter4 7.5.1Filaments of circular cross-section4 7.5.2Filaments of non-circular cross-section4 8Method D: Determination of the diameter by laser diffractometry4 8.1Principle4 8.2Apparatus4 8.3Preparation of test specimen4 8.4Procedure4 8.5Expression of results4 9Precision4 10Test repo
15、rt5 Annex A (informative) Suggested method for the preparation of test specimens for method C6 Figure 1 Specimen mount and test specimen mounted on the mount2 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:04:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 11567:1995 BSI 02-2000iii F
16、oreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a te
17、chnical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters
18、of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 11567 was
19、 prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 13, Composites and reinforcement fibres. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:04:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed
20、Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:04:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 11567:1995 BSI 02-20001 1 Scope This International Standard specifies four test methods which may be used for the determination of the diameter and cross-sectional area of single carbon fibre fil
21、aments. It is important to note that the shape of the cross-section of the filaments from different suppliers may vary significantly. The term “diameter” used in this standard applies to all cases, from a “true” diameter, where the filament is exactly circular in cross-section, to an “apparent” diam
22、eter where the filament is not circular. The methods proposed may not be directly applicable to all types of filament. The product specification should specify which method should be used. If there is no specification, the selection of the appropriate method is a matter of judgement. The details giv
23、en here are considered to be sufficiently precise to enable this choice to be made. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were v
24、alid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International
25、Standards. ISO 10119:1992, Carbon fibre Determination of density. ISO 10120:1991, Carbon fibre Determination of linear density. ISO 11566:, Carbon fibre Determination of the tensile properties of single-filament specimens1). 3 Principle Four methods are proposed for the determination of the diameter
26、 and cross-sectional area of carbon fibre filaments: Method A: Determination of the diameter by calculation Method B: Determination of the diameter by optical microscopy Method C: Determination of the diameter and cross-sectional area of transversely cut filaments by microscopy Method D: Determinati
27、on of the diameter by laser diffractometry NOTE 1Method A gives only an average value of the diameter, which may be sufficient in certain cases, while methods B, C and D, which are experimental methods, provide actual values. 4 Test specimens Because of the intrinsic variability in filament diameter
28、 between filaments and along the length of a filament, it is recommended that the diameter or cross-sectional area of 20 filaments in the yarn sample be measured and a statistical analysis of these results carried out. Test specimens shall be taken from each yarn sample. 4.1 Method A Yarns are used
29、as test specimens, the amount of yarn taken being as specified in ISO 10119 and ISO 10120. 4.2 Methods B and D Filaments taken from the yarns are used as test specimens, the length of the filaments being approximately 50 mm. 4.3 Method C Yarns are used as test specimens, the length of yarn taken bei
30、ng approximately 30 mm. 5 Method A: Determination of the diameter by calculation An average filament diameter is determined from the linear density of the unsized yarn determined in accordance with ISO 10120, the density determined in accordance with ISO 10119 and the number of filaments in the yarn
31、. The number of filaments in the yarn shall be that given by the carbon fibre manufacturer. Calculate the average filament diameter d, expressed in micrometres, from the following equation: 1) To be published. where tis the linear density of the yarn, in tex; is the density of the yarn, in grams per
32、 cubic centimetre; cis the number of filaments in the yarn. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:04:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 11567:1995 2 BSI 02-2000 6 Method B: Determination of filament diameter by optical microscopy 6.1 Principle The apparent filam
33、ent diameter is measured by optical microscopy, which gives the distance between the two edges of a filament when the filament is viewed from the side. NOTE 2The accuracy of method B is limited by diffraction effects, and it is recommended that the method is not used when the filament diameter is le
34、ss than 10 4m. 6.2 Apparatus 6.2.1 Microscope, fitted with a light source, a sub-stage condenser, a stage, an objective and a special eyepiece (as described in 6.5). It shall be possible to move the stage in two directions perpendicular to each other in the horizontal plane and to rotate it about th
35、e vertical axis. The objective and eyepiece shall provide magnifications of at least 100 for looking for filaments and at least 1 000 for the measurement of the filament diameter. 6.2.2 Specimen mount, with longitudinal slot, as shown in Figure 1. 6.3 Calibration of the microscope Calibrate the micr
36、oscope using a stage micrometer and a graduated eyepiece divided into hundredths of a millimetre. 6.4 Preparation of the test specimen 6.4.1 If the intention is also to determine the tensile properties of the specimen, proceed in accordance with ISO 11566. Otherwise, proceed as described in 6.4.2. 6
37、.4.2 Place a single filament over the centre of the slot in the specimen mount. Attach temporarily one end of the filament to the mount with a piece of adhesive tape. Stretch the filament slightly and attach the other end to the other end of the mount with a second piece of adhesive tape. Apply one
38、drop of adhesive to the filament at each end of the slot to bond the filament securely in place. 6.5 Procedure Because of the intrinsic variability in filament diameter between filaments and along the length of a filament, it is recommended that the diameter be measured three times at three differen
39、t positions along the filament. Mount the specimen between a slide and a cover slip. Then fill with mounting fluid, if necessary. The mounting fluid shall be chosen to have a refractive index in the range 1,43 to 1,53 at 20 C, and shall not be hygroscopic and not affect the diameter of the fibre. Ce
40、dar oil and paraffin are examples of suitable fluids. Move the stage of the microscope to position the light beam on the zone of the filament to be examined. Focus on the reticle by means of the eyepiece. Figure 1 Specimen mount and test specimen mounted on the mount Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheff
41、ieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 02:04:56 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 11567:1995 BSI 02-20003 The moving reticle has two fixed wires mounted at right angles to each other, and a double wire running parallel to one of the fixed wires. The reticle can be moved, without changing its orienta
42、tion, by means of a micrometer screw controlled by a graduated drum which turns past a fixed reference point. Rotate the microscope eyepiece or stage in order to set the double wire exactly parallel to the axis of the filament under examination. After focussing on the filament, bring the double wire
43、 to coincide successively with each side of the image of the filament. Read the number of graduations on the drum necessary to pass from one position to the other (Nr divisions). 6.6 Expression of results If n is the calibration constant of the eyepiece, i.e. the number of drum divisions correspondi
44、ng to 1 4m on the micrometer objective, the diameter d, expressed in micrometres, of the filament is given by the following equation: 7 Method C: Determination of the diameter and cross-sectional area of transversely cut filaments by microscopy 7.1 Principle A carbon fibre yarn is embedded in a resi
45、n block. The block is polished on a face normal to the fibre axis and viewed under a microscope. It may also be photographed. This method is applicable to bundles of parallel fibres, but can also be used without modification to examine the distribution of the fibres in a unidirectional composite, as
46、 well as for the measurement of the fibre content by volume. It is specially recommended when the cross-sectional shape of the filaments in the yarn is far from circular. NOTE 3The accuracy of method C is limited by diffraction of the light or electron beam. Optical microscopy is recommended for fil
47、aments of diameter greater than 10 4m electron microscopy for filaments less than 10 4m in diameter. 7.2 Apparatus 7.2.1 Optical microscope and/or scanning electron microscope. 7.2.2 Photographic equipment 7.2.3 Photographic paper, plastic-coated. 7.2.4 Planimeter 7.2.5 Electronic image analyser 7.2
48、.6 Polishing machine, of the type used to prepare metal specimens for microscopic observation. NOTE 4The photographic equipment and paper are not always necessary for filaments of circular cross-section, but are necessary for filaments which are non-circular in cross-section. 7.3 Preparation of test
49、 specimen Select a yarn specimen 30 mm in length, embed it in an uncured resin such as an unsaturated-polyester resin, and then cure the resin to give a block. Polish a face of the block perpendicular to the yarn axis by means of the polishing machine. Carry out the polishing in stages, using abrasive paper and alumina powder or diamond paste. Check the final surface finish by means of an optical microscope. Details of a suggested preparation procedure for test specimens is given in Annex A. 7.4 Procedure Rotate the microscope eyepiece or stage