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1、9781903 287941 ISBN 978-1-903287-94-1 CIBSE Concise Handbook CIBSE Concise Handbook The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers 222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS +44 (0) 20 8675 5211 www.cibse.org 2008 cover final 23/12/08 10:53 Page 1 CIBSE Concise Handbook The rights of publicatio
2、n or translation are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the Institution. June 2008 The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers London Registered charity number 2
3、78104 ISBN 978-1-903287-94-1 This document is based on the best knowledge available at the time of publication. However no responsibility of any kind for any injury, death, loss, damage or delay however caused resulting from the use of these recommendations can be accepted by the Chartered Instituti
4、on of Building Services Engineers, the authors or others involved in its publication. In adopting these recommendations for use each adopter by doing so agrees to accept full responsibility for any personal injury, death, loss, damage or delay arising out of or in connection with their use by or on
5、behalf of such adopter irrespective of the cause or reason therefore and agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, the authors and others involved in their publication from any and all liability arising out of or in connection with such u
6、se as aforesaid and irrespective of any negligence on the part of those indemnified. Typeset by CIBSE Publications Department Printed in Great Britain by Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd., Norwich, Norfolk NR6 6SA Foreword This third edition of CIBSEs best-selling Concise Handbook provides members with an up
7、-to-date source of reference to help them to locate fundamental information quickly, and find out where the comprehensive information is located in the full CIBSE Guides. This Handbook, which includes selected information from the 2007 edition of Guide C and the newly published Guide M, has been pro
8、duced to help members to give quick responses to enquiries and to provide easy access to the detailed information available in other CIBSE publications. In only a fraction of the space taken up by the full CIBSE Guides, the Concise Handbook offers a quick snapshot of the salient information enabling
9、 you to understand the main issues and to do some outline calculations prior to producing a fully worked-out plan. The Concise Handbook will be of value both to practicing building services engineers and to those who have recently entered the building services field. Based on the CIBSE Student Data
10、Book, the Concise Handbook provides a summary of key areas, including the more commonly used information and tables. The information it contains is fully revised and is consistent with the information in the most recently updated Guides. It should be emphasised that this publication cannot and does
11、not replace the full Guides, but is intended to be a ready point of reference. The full Guides will always remain as the most detailed information source. We very much hope that you will find this publication, and those that follow it, useful for giving you a head start in preparing quick general an
12、swers to questions raised by the construction team at the start of projects and to point you in the direction of the detailed guidance when you need it. Jacqueline Balian CIBSE Director of Information and Policy Acknowledgement The material in this Concise Handbook comes from the CIBSE Guides and th
13、e Society of Light and Lightings Code for lighting, many of which received funding from Government research funds, and all of which could only be produced thanks to the generous contributions of time and effort by CIBSE and SLL members. Author and co-ordinating editor John Armstrong Editor Ken Butch
14、er CIBSE Director of Information and Policy Jacqueline Balian Note from the publisher This publication is primarily intended to provide guidance to those responsible for the design, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of building services. It is not intended to be exhaustive or de
15、finitive and it will be necessary for users of the guidance given to exercise their own professional judgement when deciding whether to abide by or depart from it. Contents Introduction1 Guide A: Environmental design1 A1Environmental criteria for design1 A2External design data8 A3Thermal properties
16、of building structures13 A4Air infiltration and natural ventilation22 A5Thermal response and plant sizing25 A6Internal heat gains34 A7Moisture transfer and condensation40 Guide A: abridgements and omissions43 Guide B: Heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigeration44 B1Heating44 B2Ventilati
17、on and air conditioning61 B3Ductwork68 B4Refrigeration and heat rejection82 B5Noise and vibration control for HVAC101 Guide B: abridgements and omissions104 Guide B (1986): Installation and equipment data105 B18Owning and operating costs105 Guide M: Maintenance engineering and management107 Appendix
18、 M13.A1: Indicative life expectancy factors107 Guide C: Reference data116 C1Properties of humid air116 C2Properties of water and steam124 C3Heat transfer130 C4Fluid flow in pipes and ducts136 C5Fuels and combustion197 C6Units, standard and mathematical data202 Guide C: abridgements and omissions206
19、Guide F: Energy efficiency in buildings207 F5Renewables, fuels, CHPand metering207 F7Ventilation and air conditioning209 F8Refrigeration design210 F9Lighting design210 F10Heating and hot water design212 F11Motors and building transportation systems212 F12Electrical power systems and office equipment
20、213 F13Checking the design213 F19Benchmarking, monitoring and targeting (M high-level supply, 01.0 Displacement 20.2 0.7 Cpi Supply zone Breathing zone (a) Ce Cpi Supply zone Breathing zone (b) Ce Cpi Exhaust zone Supply zone (c) Ce s s s ai ai ai Figure A1.12 Supply/extract arrangements for ventila
21、tion; (a) mixing, supply and exhaust at high level, (b) mixing, supply at high level, exhaust at low level, (c) displacement Guide A: Environmental design7 A1.9.4Noise due to building services and other sources The acceptability of noise from building services does not depend only upon its absolute
22、level and frequency content, but also on its relationship with noise from other sources. Reasonable design limits to minimise annoyance from broadband continuous noise from building services instal- lations are given in Table A1.15. If the noise contains recognisable tones or is intermittent or impu
23、lsive it will be more annoying and the appropriate NRvalue from Table A1.15 should be corrected using the factors given in Table A1.16. A1.9.5Speech intelligibility Speech intelligibility is dependent upon the ambient noise and the distance between listener and speaker. Table A1.17 gives an indicati
24、on of the distance at which normal speech will be intelligible for various ambient noise levels. limit of 112 Pa and a higher peak level limit of 140 Pa. These peak action levels control exposure to impulse noise. Suppliers of machinery must provide noise data for machines likely to cause exposure t
25、o noise above the action levels. 2050100500 1000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Loudness level (phon) 500010000 Threshold of hearing continuous noise 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Sound pressure level / dB re. 20 Nm3 Frequency / Hz Figure A1.15 Equal loudness level contours Table A1.15 Suggested max
26、imum permissible background noise levels generated by building services installations SituationNoise rating (NR) Studios and auditoria: sound broadcasting (drama)15 sound broadcasting (general), television (general), sound recording20 television (audience studio)25 concert hall, theatre2025 lecture
27、theatre, cinema2530 Hospitals: audiometric room2025 operating theatre, single bed ward3035 multibed ward, waiting room35 corridor, laboratory3540 wash room, toilet, kitchen3540 staff room, recreation room3040 Hotels: individual room, suite2030 ballroom, banquet room3035 corridor, lobby3540 kitchen,
28、laundry4045 Restaurants, shops and stores: restaurant, department store (upper floors)3540 night club, public house, cafeteria, canteen, department store (main floors)4045 Offices: boardroom, large conference room2530 small conference room, executive office, reception room3035 open plan office35 dra
29、wing office, computer suite3545 Public buildings: law court 2530 assembly hall2535 library, bank, museum3035 washroom, toilet3545 swimming pool, sports arena4050 garage, car park55 Ecclesiastical and academic buildings: church2530 classroom, lecture theatre2535 laboratory, workshop3540 corridor, gym
30、nasium3545 Industrial: warehouse, garage4550 light engineering workshop 4555 heavy engineering workshop5065 Dwellings (urban): bedroom25 living room30 Note:dBA NR+ 6 Table A1.16 Corrections to noise rating for certain types of noise Type of noiseNRcorrection Pure tone easily perceptible+5 Impulsive
31、and/or intermittent noise+3 Table A1.17 Maximum steady noise levels for reliable speech communication BS 8233 by permission of the British Standards Institution) Distance between talkerNoise level, LAeq(dB) and listener (m) NormalRaised voicevoice 15762 25156 44550 839 44 A1.9.6Hearing damage Exposu
32、re to high noise levels, such as may occur in a plant room, can cause temporary or permanent hearing damage. Where workers are exposed to high levels of noise, the noise levels must be assessed by a qualified person. The Noise at Work Regulations 2005 identify two levels of daily personal noise expo
33、sure (measured in a manner similar to LAeq,T) at which actions become necessary. These levels are 80 dBA for the lower level and 85 dBA for the higher level, corresponding to advisory and compulsory requirements. In addition, for impulse noise, there is a lower peak level 8CIBSE Concise Handbook A2E
34、xternal design data A2.1Introduction CIBSE Guide A chapter 2 provides basic weather and solar data required for manual calculation of heating and cooling loads in the UK and Europe. In this Handbook, some data are provided for London (Heathrow) only by way of example. CIBSE Guide A and the associate
35、d CD-ROMprovide similar data for other UK locations and design data for worldwide locations. A2.3UK cold weather data A2.3.1Winter design temperatures Outside design temperatures are near-extreme values of dry bulb temperature used to determine the sizes of central plant, distribution systems and ro
36、om terminals for heating in winter. Design temperature has a large influence on the capital cost of building services systems, and some influ- ence on running costs. No single design temperature is given for a particular location; rather, a range from which the designer can select an appropriate des
37、ign temperature in consultation with the client (bearing in mind the previous sentence). The selection method reflects the thermal response of the building by defining two different averaging times. For most buildings, a 24-hour mean temperature is appropriate. However, a 48-hour mean temperature is
38、 more suitable for buildings with high thermal inertia (i.e. high thermal mass, low heat losses), with a response factor fr 6. Response factor is defined in Guide A chapter 5. Figure A2.6 shows the average number of times per year that 24-hour and 48-hour mean temperatures for London (Heathrow) fall
39、 below a given value. An alternative approach, useful for an air heating system, is to determine the temperature that is not exceeded for a given frequency of occurrence. Table A2.4 provides, for eight sites, the winter dry bulb temperatures equal to or exceeded by specified percentage of hours in t
40、he year with coincident wet bulb temperatures. A2.3.2Warm front condensation In addition to the condensation that may occur due to moisture generated within buildings, see Guide A chapter 7, condensation may also occur when the weather changes at the end of a cold spell, if a cold air-mass is replac
41、ed within a few hours by a warm, moist air-mass. For heavy- weight structures, the atmospheric dew-point may rise more quickly than the surface temperature, producing temporary condensation on such surfaces exposed to outside air. This is most likely to happen internally on surfaces in poorly heated
42、 or unheated buildings such as warehouses and storage buildings. Table A2.5 shows the frequency of such conditions for eight UK locations. These values are based on positive differ- ences between the dew-point temperature in the middle of the day (mean of values at 09, 12 and 15 GMT) and the mean dr
43、y bulb temperature of the previous day (mean of hourly values from 01 to 24 GMT). Note that Table A2.5 is not a cumulative distribution. Therefore, the 0.0 to 0.9 bin represents only those values that lay between 0.0 and 0.9. A2.4UK warm weather data A2.4.1Coincidence of wet and dry bulb temperature
44、s For use in air conditioning plant design, Table 2.6 gives hourly dry bulb temperatures equal to or exceeded by specified percentages of hours in the year with coincident hourly wet bulb temperatures. The frequency of coincidence of wet and dry bulb temper- atures is important for air conditioning
45、and natural venti- 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Number of occasions Bin temperature / C 24 hour 48 hour 114 13 12 11 10 98765432 Figure A2.6 Winter temperature distribution: London (Heathrow) (19822002) Table A2.4 Wintertime dry bulb temperatures and coincident wet bulb temperatures equal to or exceeded for given
46、percentages of hours in the year (approx. 19822002) LocationHourly temperature (/ C) equal to or exceeded for stated percentage of hours in the year 99.6%99%98%95% Dry-bulbWet-bulbDry-bulbWet-bulbDry-bulbWet-bulbDry-bulbWet-bulb Belfast2.63.11.21.80.20.81.30.5 Birmingham5.45.63.43.82.02.40.30.4 Card
47、iff3.24.01.62.40.41.21.50.6 Edinburgh5.45.63.43.71.92.30.30.5 Glasgow5.96.03.94.12.12.60.20.5 London3.34.01.82.50.61.31.40.5 Manchester3.64.02.22.70.91.70.90.0 Plymouth1.62.60.21.20.90.12.91.9 Guide A: Environmental design9 lation design for warm weather. Table A2.12 gives these data for London (Hea
48、throw), over 24 hours, for the four months from June to September. These data may be used to plot the percentage frequencies of combinations of hourly dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures on a psychrometric chart. This enables the frequency with which the specific enthalpy exceeds given values to be d
49、etermined, from which summer design conditions may be established. Table A2.5 Average number of occasions per year when the mean of the dew-point temperature at 09:00, 12:00 and 15:00 exceeds the preceding days dry bulb temperature by the amount indicated (approx. 19822002) Amount by Average number of occasions per year for stated location* which dry bulb BelfastBirminghamCardiffEdinburghGlasgowLondonMan