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1、 CIE 33 77 9006345 0001419 499 )a PJ f ISBN 3 900 734 64 X COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COM M ISSION ON I LLU M I NATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMM ISSION DEPRECIATION OF INSTALLATIONS AND THEIR MAINTENANCE CIE 33-1977 CIE 33.1-1996 Revision I Unchanged technical content
2、, English version with three-language summary UDC: 628.971.6 Descriptor: Street lighting 628.987 Evaluation o f lighting installations COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Informati
3、on Handling Services CIE 33 77 7006145 0001420 100 H - 2 - RAPPORT DE CiAITE TECHNIQUE DE LA CIE NOTE PRELIMINAIRE Ce rapport a t prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 4.6 “Eclairage des voies publiques“. II a reu lapprobation unanime du Comit, e t il est recommand pour tude e t application. Ce rapport n
4、est pas une Recommandation officielle de l a CIE approuve par les Comits Nationaux des Pays Membres, il doit tre not que toute recommandation y figurant est donne 2 titre de conseil et non dfobligationc PRELIMINARY .REhlARK This report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4.6 “Road Lighting“
5、, It has been approved unanimously by the Committee and is recommended for study and application. This report is not an Officially Agreed CIE Recommendation approved by the National Committees of the Member Countries, It should be noted that any recommendations in this report are advisoxy and not ma
6、ndatory, VORBEMERKUlG Dieser Bericht wurde vcm Technischen CIE-Komitee 4.6, %Xrassen- beleuchtung“ ausgearbeitet. Er wurde uneingeschrnkt vom Komi tee angenommen und wird zum zuknftigen Studium empfohlen, Er ist keine Offiziell Anerkannte CIE-Empfehlung, die von den Nationalen Komitees der Mitglieds
7、lnder anerkannt wurde. Es muss darau hin- gewiesen werder, dass alle Empfehlungen dieses Berichts nur als Anleitung dienen und nicht verbindlich sind. COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licen
8、sed by Information Handling Services CIE 33 77 7006345 000342L 047 W - 3 - COMPOSITION OF TC-4.6 J.B. de Boer Chairman J. Funke Secretary F. Behal H.-H. B jbrset M. Bonomo B . Brakalov M . J . F . Dempster J.T. Duff W . H . Edman A . J . ,Fisher E . Rcederiksen L . Gaymard P . Gergely N . A . Gudjoh
9、nsen O. inojosa E . Kasurinen A. etvirtis W . Felhorski D . mrgaski I C . Narisada M . A . Ostrovsw A. Pereira Marques H . Prochazka W. Riemenschneider A. Romero de Tejada M . Sand P . Sandgren F . Sarteel R . Stolzenberg CONSULTABTS J.+ Renaud T . H . T m . Netherlands Netherlands Cxecho-Slovakia N
10、orway Italy Bulgaria South Africa Great Britain U . S . A . Australia Denmask Prance Hl-wPw Iceland Chile Finland Canada Poland Jugos 1 avia Japan Portugal Austria Switzerland Spain Israel Sweden Belgium U.S.S.R. GeY France Netherlands COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by I
11、nformation Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 33 77 eB 9006345 0003422 T83 - 4 - SUMMARY The first part of this report gives a survey of all the permanent or accidental causes which conspire progressively to impair the p
12、erformance of a road lighting installation. It then points out what preventive measures can be taken when the system is designed and installed to reduce or slow down the different deteriorations of the material (columns, lanterns, light sources, auxiliary gear). in the last part, it indicates all th
13、e periodic operations aimed at protecting the materials against the causes of depreciation, or at retrieving, as much as possible, the initial performance of the installation. The different methods of maintenance and of replacement of the various items are analysed. Special paragraphs deal with inst
14、allations of specific nature, such as viaducts, elevated roads, high mast lighting, tunnels. RESUME Ce rapport passe dabord en revue toutes les causes permanentes ou accidentielles qui concourent rduire progressivement les performances dune installation dclairage public. 11 indique ensuite par quell
15、es mesures prventives prises lors de la conception et de la ralisation dune installation il est possible dattnuer ou de ralentir les diverses dtriorations des matriels utiliss (supports, luminaires, sources lumineuses, appareillages auxiliaires) . Dans une drnire partie, il indique toutes les oprati
16、ons priodiques qui ont pour objet de mettre les matriels labri des causes de dtrioration, ou de rendre, dans la mesure du possible, linstallation dclairage, son efficacit initiale. Les diverses mthodes dentretiens et de remplacement des diverses pices sont analyses. Des paragraphes spciaux sont cons
17、acrs aux installations de caractre particulier (viaducs, chausses surlevGes, pylones de grande hauteur, tunnels). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der erste Teil dieses Berichtes gibt eine bersicht ber die stndigen und zuflligen Ursachen der allmhlichen Verschlechterung in der Funktion von StraBenbeleuchtungsanlagen
18、. Danach werden VorsorgemaBnahmen angegeben, durch die nach der Planung und Ausfhrung der Anlage die Alterungserscheinungen der Einzelteile (Maste, Leuchten, Lampen, zustzliches Zubehr) verringert oder vllig vermieden werden knnen. Im letzten Teil werden alle periodischen Wartungsarbeiten genannt, d
19、ie darauf abzielen, das Material gegen die Ursachen der Verschlechterung zu schtzen oder soweit wie mglich die Anfangsleistung der Anlage wiederherzustellen. Die unterschiedlichen Methoden der Wartung und des Auswechselns verschiedener Teile werden analysiert. Sonderanlagen wie berfhrungen, Hochstra
20、Ben, Hochmastanlagen und Tunnel werden in gesonderten Abschnitten behandelt. COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services - 5 - TABLE OF COIiTENTS IlTTRODUCTIO
21、N : Purpose of the present report 7 i. DEPIIECIATION OF IWSTALLATIONS 7 2, IVUIXPENBNCE OF INSTAIJLATIONS 73 3. DEPRECIATIOR aND MAINTENANCE OF LIGIECING INSTALLATIONS IN TUNNELS 23 COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International C
22、ommission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 33 77 9006345 0003424 856 - - 7 - INTRODUCTION : Purpose of the present report The present technical Report must be considered as an annex to C.I.E. documents on road lighting. Its aim is to review and tion of public lighting in
23、stallations, and to draw conclusions regarding : - on one hand, what characteristics should be required from new - on the other hand, what are the most convenient methods to mbtain analyse the different causes of deterioration and deprecia- materials employed. different categories of installations.
24、1. DEPRECIATION OF INSTALLATIONS The characteristics of a public lighting installationtand hence also the performance ,deteriorate with time through the influence of a number of causes, of which the principal are : a) Progressive reduction in the flux emitted by the light sources b) Accumuation of d
25、irt on the sources. c) Ageing of the components (reflectors, refractors, etc a o ) d) Accumulation o f dirt on the optical parts of the laatern e) Premature failure of one of the sources. f) Vibrations imposed on the material ancl distortion caused by accidents In addition to that, there is a certai
26、n number of possible causes of decrease of the efficiency, which do not take effect cumulati- vely : g) Excessive raising or lowering of the temperature inside the lantern. h) Premature failure of the auxiliary apparatus. i) Incorrect voltage at the terminals of the light sources. Previous page is b
27、lank COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services - 0 - IMPORTANT NOTE The quality and output of a public lighting installation and the rapidity with which its
28、 performance deteriorates de.pends in large measure on the right choice of lantern, light source, auxiliary apparatus etc , and on the more or less perfect way in which these elements complement. one another. Therefore, ali the indications given in the present chapter wore established with the hypot
29、hesis that all %hese elements have been judiciouslyichosen according to the needs and con- ditions of all kinds which characteriae the installation, and also according to one another. Almost all the deteriorating factors mentioned above can be totally or partially mitigbted by periodic replacement;
30、of used elements and by the cleaning of dirty parts. On the contrary little can be done about factors c .and Q once the installation is completel 1.1 . Maintained installation output This output is clearly equalto the initial output ma- tiplied by the product of all the depreciation factors : that i
31、s to say, in the absence of any replacements or cleaning, the output ofa public lighting installation tends rapidly towards zero. This is reflected in the capital interest which such operations present from the twin points of view of economy and safety. Even in the case of systematic maintenance ted
32、 mean practical values of illumination (and thus of luminance ) of an installation appear to be 20 to 30 $ lower than the initial calculated values. For this reason in many countries, the standard specifications or codes of practice recommend that the installation is designe moderate and not so rapi
33、d traffic; absence of heavy vehicles; rural areas and residential streets, Curvo II : as for curve I, with more important traffic slow) some heavy vehicles; major routes outside urban areas , Taken from the American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting (1973 Edition). COPYRIGHT Internatio
34、nal Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 33 77 900bLLt5 0003427 565 - IO - Curve III : more important traffic; ring roads, Curve IV : heavily trafficked motorways; major r
35、outos in urban zones; densely built up districts, Curvo V : densely built-up zones with heavy,traffic; pre- sence of industrial pollutants (gas works, thermic plants, chemical inustry, etc . .) It will be seen that, under the most unfavourable con- ditions, the flux emitted from the lanterns , in se
36、ven years, may be reduced to 30 $ of the initial flux. - N.B. : The American document which covers the first seven years after bringing into service can be compared,on the we hand,with the g r a p h ( f i g . 2 ) t a k e n from the Belgian Code which covers the first 1 0 years ; q d , on the other h
37、and, with the Australian and the new Canadian Code of Practice far traffic Route Lighting (presently being prepared), which give the following approximate figures : a) for the depreciation of the lantern itself (lamp excluded) : In clean environment 5 $ per a n n u m In industrial environment $ . .
38、. . . . 10 $ per annum and lamp) of the lower hemisphere flux of lanterns utilizing high pressure mercury vapour lamps, situated in an industrial environmen$, 32 6 of the initial nux after 2 years : the last figure lines up rather clo- sely with the Belgian Codo. b) and for the total depreciation (
39、lantern . 5 . Excessiva variations of*temperature in the interior of the lantern The variations in the temperature of the atmosphere inside the lantern follow an annual periodicity resul- ting from the succession of seasons, a daily periodici- ty resulting from the alternation of day and night and t
40、he lighting o r extinguishing of the lamp. These deviations of the interior temperature vary stron- y according to the position of the hours of lighting and cxtinguishing with respect to the hours of day and night They can attain very high figures somotimes 100 C o r more. Their maxima occur in the
41、case of closed lanterns located in tropical countries. These differences of temperature present a fourfold convenience. COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Ser
42、vices C I E 33 77 7006145 0001428 4 T 1 - 11 - a) the excessive heatings and eventual coolings dete- riorate and can even rapidly render unusable plastic parts, paints and varnishes, insulators and elastic joints, b) they can destroy an essential element of the lamp, c ) they entail a reduction in f
43、lux when the lamp functions at a temperature too far from the optimum. This reduc- tion in output is particularly important in the case of tubular fluorescent and hi - the premature destruction of the 1irn;ht souTces by loo- sening of the lamp caps, COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination
44、 Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 33 77 OObL45 0003429 338 lls - 12 - - defocusBhg of the source by partial unscrewing of the lamp cap in the socket or disnlacement of the optics, - partial or t
45、otal destruction of the optics and of the lantern, - destruction of the lantern/ bracket and bracket/colwnn ass embly - etc These serious defects lead t o a premature depreciation of the installation and must be prevented. For the same soil nature and in similar wind and traffic conditions, the reso
46、nance will depend upon : - the height t o the lamp - the length of the bracket - the wind pressure - the weight of the lantern - the stiffness of the column. The vibrations can be prevented from building up t o a dangerous amplitude by recourse to t - stiff columns, - snort bracket lengths, - lanter
47、ns of moderate weight and moderate dimensions particularly in the transverse plane, and anyway w e l l stream-lined. On the other hand, the injurious consequences of vibra- tion can be limited by a certain number of precautions : - general employment of locking nuts or of equivalent devices, - fixin
48、g of lamps by means of friction sockets t this pre- caution avoids the lamp unscrewing progressively from the socket under the effect of vibrations, which would upset the position of the 1smp with respect to the op- tical system and modify the luminance distribution on the carriageway, - fixing the
49、bracket on the column by a robust, foolproof sleeve, - choice of a lantern which has successfully withstood severe testing for resistance to vibrations and shocks. COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 33 77 7006245 OOOl1430 05T = - 13 - i .7. Reduction in life or the ballasts. The average life of ballasts