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1、 CIE 23 73 7006345 O000927 382 I ISBN 3 900 734 68 2 COM M ISSION 1 NTERNATIONALE DE LC LAI RAG E INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOM M ISSION INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MOTORWAY LIGHTING CIE 23-1973 CIE 23.1-1996 Revision I Unchanged technical content, Eng
2、lish version with three-language summary UDC: 628.971.6 Descriptor: Exterior lighting 628.971.7 Street lighting COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CI
3、E 23 73 a 7006345 0000928 017 I I S U M M A R Y INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF IBCOMMENDATIONS 1 INTERNATIONAL DEFINITION OF MOTORWAYS 2 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 2 . 1 2.2 Notorways in urban areas 2 . 3 Motorways in rural areas 2 . 4 Motorway signs Importance of lighting the length of motorways 3 QUALITY CR
4、ITERIA 3.1 Level of luminance 3.2 Uniformity of luminance 3.3 Glare limitation 3 . 4 Optical guidance 4 TECUNIQUE OF MOTORWAY LIGHTING 4.1 Light sources 4 . 1 . 1 Low pressure sodium lamps 4,1,2 H i g h pressure mercury lamps 4.1.3 High pressure sodium lamps 4 . 1 . 4 Mercury halide lamps 4 . 1 . 5
5、Fluorescent tubes 4 . 2 Luminaires 4.3 Supports 4.3 . 1 4 . 3 . 2 Tilting of lanterns 4 . 3 . 3 Outreach on normal sections Cons truc ti on 4 . 4 Geometry 4.4.1 Mounting height and spacing 4 . 4 . 2 Arrangement of lanterns COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Ha
6、ndling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 23 73 9006345 OOOO2 T55 4.4.2.3 4.4.2.4 Transverse lanterns 4.4.2.1.1 On central reserve 4.4.2.1.2 Along sides 4.4.2.1.3 Both on central reserve and on sides 4.4.2.1.4 Suspended on transv
7、erse span wires Longitudinal catenary suspensions 4.4.2.2.1 Above the central reserve 4.4.2.2.2 Double catenary system Parapet lighting High masts 4.5 Discontinuities 4 . 5 . 1 Lighting of entries and exits 4 . 5 . 2 Transition zones 4 . 5 . 3 Interchanges and multi-level croseings 4.5.4 Toll booths
8、,custons stations, service stations and auxiliary installations: 4.5.4.1 T o l l booths at interchanges 4 . 5 . 4 . 2 Toll booths on straight sestionc 4.5.4.3 Parking areas 4.5.5 Tunnels on motorways 4.6 Safety fences ROAD SURFACES AESTHETICS MAINTENANCE 7 . 1 General 7.2 Replacement of lamps 7.3 Cl
9、eaning of optical systems COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 23 73 9006345 O000930 777 I III PURPOSE OF RECOMMELYDATIONS The aim of the following
10、 recommendations is to lay down the fundamental principles which govern the lighting of motorways and to recommend certain well-established values an techniques. These principles and techniques are those at present held by the experts of Committee TC-4.6 consideration the commente which have been re
11、ceived from National Committees of countries affiliated to the C . I . E . of the Commission Internationale de 1Eclairage taking into The technique of lighting varies in different countries; possibilities and usages vary. National Codes connot in practice be identical since they have been designed t
12、o meet the needs of and to be used in the particular circumstances of the country. Neverthelese it is possible to state Cer- tatn principles and techniques which are of general application. Thse are described in accordance with recent research and experience, so that they may serve as a basis for Na
13、tional Committees desirous of issuing a code of their own, or of revising an out-of-date code. The which are established, and which give good results within acceptable economic limitations. They are not, however, mandatory, and every encouragement is given for research into new standards and methoda
14、. only methods of providing adequate lighting included are thoae These recommendations do not therefore constitute a code. I t is hoped that they nay serve as e basis forthe drafting of National Codes, SO that in the not too distant future they may lead to closer uniformity between National Codes, a
15、 uniformity which is demanded by the growing development of international traffic links. COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services I NTR ODU CT I ON BUT DES
16、 RLC 0MHAM)ATI ONS Le but des recommandations zi-apra est de poser les principes fondamentaux qui rgissent lclairage des autoroutes, e t 3e recommander certaines valeura ainsi que certaines techniques bien tablies. Ces principes et ce8 techniques sont ceux que prconisent actuel- lement les experts d
17、u Comit TC-4.6 de la C . I . E . , compte tenu des commentaires regus des Comits Nationaux des pays affilis 2 la C.I.E. La technique de lclairage, ainsi que les possibilits et les usages, varient suivant les pays, Les divers codes nationaux ne peuvent pratique- anent pas tre identiques, tant donn qu
18、ils ont sie sind nur an besonders dafr bestimmten Anschlussstellen zugnglich und haben keine hhengleichen Kreuzungen. Diese Strassen haben im allgemeinen zwei getrennte und unabhngige Richtungsfahrbahnen, wobei jede Richtungsfahrbahn mindestens zwei Verkehrsspuhren mit einer Breite von minimal Je 3,
19、5 m hat,“ (1) . ( 1 ) Diese Regelbreite kann auf Stadtautobahnen verringert werden, COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 23 73 9006345 0000933 486
20、I 1 2 - 2 - INTERNATIONAL DEFINITION OF HOTORWAYS “Motorways are roads f o r automobile traffic only; they are accessible only from specially designed interchanges and have no crossings at grade. These roads generally have two separate and independant one-way carriageways, each carriageway having at
21、 least two traffic lanes, each with a minimum width of 3,5 m“, ( 1 ) The recommendations given hereafter are applicable not only to motorways as indicated in the title, but also to all kinds of road restricted to automobile traffic, as defined in footnote ( 2 ) . GEIJERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 2.1 Importa
22、nce of lighting the length of motorways On the basis of the details which he sees in his field of vision and of the changes that occur in this due to his motion, the driver should obtain good optical guidance (3) and comfortable, reliable information on: 1. the part of the road he expects to travers
23、e in the next 2 . his own position and movement with respect to this part of 3. the position and movement of other road users on or entering 4. the position of possible obstacles in this part of the road; 5 . that this part of the road really is free and fit for driving five to fifteen seconds; the
24、road; this part of the road; over, when no obstacles have been observed by him. (1) This statutary width may be reduced on urban motorways. (2) French terms: Autoroutes et voies express. American terms: Highways, Expressways, Turnpikes etc. German terms: Autobahnen, Schnellstrassen und Hochleistungs
25、strassen. ( 5 ) In addition to fixed lighting, other measures will frequently be necessary to ensure this optical guidance, particularly when very high mountings are used (see 4.5.3). COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International
26、 Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 23 i3 9006345 0000934 312 I - 2 - Moreover, he also has t o digest the visual signals which he receives from the various road signs, markings and traffic lights along the road, or from other road users ( e . g , braking lights
27、 and direction indicators, apart from the normal vehicle signal lights such as side lights and rear lights). Since driving speeds on motorways are high compared with speeds on normal roads, the requirements for the lighting system, as means of providing the necessary visual information, are extremel
28、y severe. Thus, car lights are not always satisfactory f o r these problems. Accidents may be very serious because of high speeds. Well- designed and carefully maintained installations of fixed lighting can make an important contribution t o the safety of night travel on motorways. Lighting of motor
29、ways can be justified in terms of the number of vehicles per hour at night and the consequent saving of lives and material damage (4). It may also be justified in respect of drivers convenience and comfort, of better round-the-clock use of the motorway, and also where adverse weather conditions are
30、frequent. The conclusion which might be drawn from what has been said is that traffic Conditions may justify lighting of motorways from one end to the other. 2.2 lotorways in urban areas Motorways in or in the vicinity of built-up areas should, in any case, be continuously lighted, including the acc
31、ess and exit roads in these areas. (4) In some countries there is an attempt to demonstrate the economic justification of a motorway lighting installation by reduction of the accident rate per million vehicle kilometers. Such a justification appears to become valid beyond a certain threshold of traf
32、fic in terms of number of vehicles per hour at night. Here are some references: Road Research Laboratory ReDort LR 79: “Cost of Road A,:cPdents in Great Britain“, and other documents. British Road Federation: Basic Road Statistics 1969, International Road Federation: World Road Statistics 1967. hbli
33、c Roads (USA) October 1962: Fatal accidents on completed sections of the Interstate Highway System, 1968. Traffic Eng ineerinp: and Control (G.B.) January 19682 Influence of Lighting on Cost of Road Accidents (Granville Berry). COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Informati
34、on Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 23 73 9006145 0000935 259 - 3 - 2 . 3 Motorways in rural areas If financial considerations prevent, f o r the time being, the installation of lighting on the whole length of the moto
35、rway, the lighting of special points of the motorway network may still be necessaryi Not all such points are of the same importance and the order of importance is as follows: a. Complex interchanges, tunnel8 and toll booths situated Bcross the motorway itself; b . Sections lying between two lighted
36、zones, separated by not more than about 1500 m; C . Low sections of up-gradient; d. Sections crossing regions where fog is common; e. Parking areas, petrol stations, underpasses and toll booths N . B . If the motorways are not being lighted when constructed, situated by the side of the motorway. pro
37、vision should be made to enable lighting t o be installed subsequently, with a minimum of disturbance to traffic or to the road and structures. 2.4 3 Mot orway signs Even on lighted motorways, it is important to provide traffic signs with individual lighting, the technique of which will be dealt wit
38、h in a subsequent document. QUALITY CRITERIA The quality of motorway lighting installations is determined by the four following criteria: - general level o luminance, - degree of uniformity of luminance, - glare limitation, - optical guidance. 3.1 Level of luminance As recommended by the INTERNATION
39、AL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE LIGHTING OF PUBLIC THOROUGBFBRES ( 5 ) , the mean level of luminance on motorways should be 2 cd/m* (minimum maintained value) when the carriageway is dry. ( 5 ) C.I.E. Publication No. 12 (E-5.3.1) 1965. COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Inform
40、ation Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 23 73 9006345 0000936 195 E - 4 - 3 . 2 Uniformity of luminance (6) To ensure that the luminance of t h e carriageway is sufficiently uniform, it i s necessary ( f o r the usual p
41、osition of obeerver), that the ratio Lmi n R E - = L be larger than 0 . 4 i n dry conditions, where L i s the average luminance of the road surface and Lmin is its minimm value. 3.3 Clare limitation (6) To provide motorway users with the maximum visual comfort compatible with cost, restricted glare
42、from a fixed lighting Installation should be sufficiently restricted. The lanterna should therefore preferably be of the cut-off type. Anti-glare screens of different types (metallic, plastic o r shruba) planted on the central reserve are of great help i n avoiding excessive glare from headlights of
43、 on-coming vehicles, particularly on unlighted sections. (See fig. 1). 3.4 Optical auidance Drivers should obtain an unambiguous indication concerning the run of the traffic lane ahead. Forks and junctions should appear clearly and the lighting, together with other forme of guidance, ehould allow th
44、e driver to appreciate immediately the bend of the road. When the arrangement of the light sources is related to the lay-out of the lanes (which generally occurs), the lighting can provide most of the optical guidance; this requires a very carefully designed arrangement of the lights, especially whe
45、re traffic lanen are joining a t exits and on bends and where it is usually necessary t o reduce the spacing/height ratio. (See fig. 2). (6) Recommendations on uniformity of luminance and glare limitation are still being studied by TC-4.6. COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed
46、by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 23 73 900bLY5 0000937 021 I - 5 - if the lighting installation does not give optical guidance by itself (for instance, a high-mast installation on an inter- change), othe
47、r meaps of guidance such aa - horfzontal markings on the carriageway: painted strips, marking - easily visible safety fences - luminous o f reflective edge markings - illuminated bollards, etc, should be specially ooneidered. of airections, etc. (see fig. 3 ) 4 TECHNIQUE OF MOTORWAY LIGHTING 4.1 Lig
48、hf source8 (7) The choice of the light source should b factors I - number of lumens per watt - life or mortality rate - flux maintenance mad on th f o 1 lowing - ease of control of light distribution - colour rendering - initial and running coats - lamp replacement costs. The lamps most used for mot
49、orway lighting are colour corrected mercury lampa, sodium lampa (either low or high pressure) and mercury halide lamps. 4.1.1 Low presure sodium lamps These lamps have a luminous efficacy of 150 lm/W, f o r the 180 W type. Their monochromatic yellow-orange light colour rendering . (8 ) suppresses 4.1.2 High presure mercury lamps Mercury lamps have a luminous efficacy of about 55 lm/W for the 4 0 0 W type. Their siSe permits fairly good control of luminous flux in all directiom(9). The white colour of their