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1、C I E 98 92 9006145 0004598 478 ISBN 3 900 734 35 6 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COM M ISSION ON ILLUM INATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION PERSONAL DOSIMETRY OF UV RADIATION Pub. No. CIE 98 1st Edition 1992 UDC: 61 2.014.481 -06 Descriptor: Optical radiation effects
2、 on humans - 614.898 experimental techniques Protection of the skin Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:42:19 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without licen
3、se from IHS -,-,- CIE 98 92 9006345 0004599 304 II This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 6-19 of Division 6 Photobiology and Photochemistry and has been approved by the Board o f Adminstration of the Commission Internationale de IEclairage for study and application. The
4、document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status o f this document is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE
5、proceedings or CIE NEWS should be consulted regarding possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport technique a t prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 6-19 de la Division 6 Photobiologie et Photochimie et a t approuv par le Bureau dAdministration de la Commission Internationale de IEclairage, pour tude et
6、application. Le document traite des connaissances courantes et de lexprience dans le domaine spcifique indiqu de la lumire et de lclairage, et il est tabli pour lusage des membres de la CIE et autres groupements intresss. II faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Pour
7、 connaitre dventuels amendements, consulter les plus rcents comptes rendus de la CIE ou le CIE NEWS. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom CIE-Technischen Komitee 6-1 9 der Division 6 Photobiologie und Photochemie ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission Internationale de IEclairage gebilligt worde
8、n. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrif
9、t ist. Die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE NEWS sollten im Hinblick auf mgliche sptere nderungen zu Rate gezogen werden. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going
10、 to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport A la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeut
11、et keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind. O CIE 1992 Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicens
12、ee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:42:19 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 98 92 W 9006145 0004600 95b = III Foreword The following members of TC 6-19 “Personal Dosimetry o f UV Radiation“ took part in the preparatio
13、n of this Technical Report. The TC comes under CIE Division 6 Photobiology and P hotochemisty . Prof.Dr. J. Barth Dr. B.L. Diffey Prof.Dr. Gertrud Keck Dipl.-Phys. P. Knuschke Dr. A. Kockott Dr. C.C.E. Meulemans Prof.Dr. F. Schrpl Dr. G.J. Smith Dr. C.F. Wong Germany (TC Chairman) Great Britain Aust
14、ria Germany Germany Netherlands Germany New Zealand Australia Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:42:19 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license fro
15、m IHS -,-,- CIE 98 92 . I 900b145 0004bOL 892 . I IV Personal Dosimetry of UV Radiation Summary Natural and artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can induce both beneficial and detrimental effects in man. Humans are exposed not only to natural UVR, but also may be exposed either intentionally or un
16、intentionally to artificial UVR sources (tanning equipments, workplaces, etc.). Normally people do not maintain a fixed position with respect to the UVR source, and so measure- ments using a stationary detector can be of limited value. Consequently the exposure dose of radiation can best be determin
17、ed by means of personal monitoring. A practicable personal dosimeter for UVR is a polysulphone film, which after exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the spectral range 250 to 330 nm, shows an increase in absorbance at 330 nm. In evaluating actinic radiant exposure, the action spectrum of the photob
18、iological effect under consideration, the spectral power distribution of the UVR source and the spectral response of the personal dosimeter have to be known. Detailed information on the practical use of polysulphone film is given, together with a description of other UV-sensitive materials that may
19、be suitable for personal UVR dosimetry. Personendosimetrie von UV-Strahlung Zusammenfassung Natrliche und knstliche UVStrahlung kann sowohl gesundheitsfrdernde als auch schdigende Wirkun- gen hervorrufen. Tglich ist der Mensch nicht nur der natrlichen UVStrahlung der Sonne ausgesetzt, sondern hufig
20、auch - gewollt oder ungewollt - knstlichen UV-Quellen (Solarien, Arbeitspltze usw.). Gewhnlich befinden sich Personen, deren UV-Expositionen kontrolliert werden sollen, in stndig wechselnden Postitionen zur UV-Quelle. Stationre Messungen mit UV-Radiometern bringen nur begrenzte Aussagen ber die reel
21、le Gre der Bestrahlungsdosis. In diesen Fllen ist die Bestrahlungsdosis am sinnvollsten durch UV-Personendosimeter zu ermitteln. Praktisch einsetzbar fr den Bereich 250 bis 330 nm sind Personendosimeter mit Polysulphonfolien, die unter UV-Exposition einen Anstieg der Extinktion bei 330 nm zeigen. Zu
22、r Bestimmung der aktinischen Bestrahlungsdosis mssen das Wirkungsspektrum des betrachteten photobiologischen Effektes, die spektrale Strahldichteverteilung der UV-Strahlenquelle und die spektrale Empfindlichkeit der Personendo- simeter bekannt sein. Zur Anwendung von Polysulphonfolie-Dosimetern werd
23、en detaillierte Angaben gemacht. Weitere mgliche UV-sensible Materialien, die ebenfalls fr UV-Personendosimeter anwendbar wren, werden aufgelistet. Dosimtrie personnelle des radiations UV Rsum Les radiations ultraviolettes naturelles et artificielles (UVR) peuvent dterminer des effets aussi bien bnf
24、iques que dltres chez lhomme. Les sujets sont exposs non seulement aux UVR naturels, mais peuvent galement tre exposs, soit intentionnellement, soit non intentionnellement, des sources dUVR artificiels (solariums, travaux posts, etc.). Normalement, les sujets ne restent pas immobiles par rapport la
25、source UVR, et par consquent, les mesures utilisant un dtecteur fixe ne sont que de valeur imite. Par consquent, les doses dexposition aux radiations peuvent tre plus prcisement values grce lutilisation de moniteurs personnels. Un dosimtre personnel utilisable pour IUVR est ralis par une feuille de
26、polysulfone, qui, aprs exposition aux radiations ultraviolettes dans lintervalle spectral de 250 330 nm, prsente une augmenta- tion dabsorption 330 nm. Outre lexposition actinique radiante, le spectre daction de leffet photobiologique analys, la distribution nergtique spectrale de la source UVR, et
27、la rponse spectrale doivent tre connus. Des informations dtailles sur lutilisation pratique des films polysulfone sont fournies, accompag- nes dune description dautres matriaux sensibles aux UVR qui peuvent tre adapts la dosimtrie personnelle des UVR. Copyright International Commission on Illuminati
28、on Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:42:19 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 98 92 9006145 O004602 729 V ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS A A330 w-4 Eeff F 9 He Heff PSF S)re
29、i s ) eii, rei S(.)ery,rei S) hd,rel To Texp t UV UVA UVR A4330 A Ac AO Al, A2 - optical absorbance, A = log T - optical absorbance at 330 nm - spectral irradiance - actinic irradiance - equivalent dose of monochromatic radiation Ac, which would produce the same response in the dosimeter as the actu
30、al radiation exposure - weighting factor to transform F into H e - radiant exposure, radiant dose - actinic radiant exposure, actinic dose - polysulphone film - relative spectral response of the dosimeter - relative action spectrum of the observed biological effect - relative action spectrum of skin
31、 erythema - relative action spectrum of UV health damage of men also called UV hazard - transmittance a t 330 nm before UV exposure -transmittance at 330 nm after UV exposure - exposure time - ultra violet - UV, A = 31 5.400 nm - ultra violet radiation - alteration of optical absorbance at 330 nm AA
32、 = - log (Texp/To) - wavelength - wavelength at which the dosimeter has been calibrated -wavelength where the relative action spectrum is normalized to unity - wavelength interval of interest spectrum The additivity law of van Krefeld: The effects of single wavelength bands can be added to an overal
33、l effect, as far as the single effects turn out to be independent from each other - even if the blackening curves (or dose reponse curves) for different wavebands are different. (This means at the same time that no conductive, .e. catalytic, or hindering, .e. antagonistic effects occur.) Bunsen-Rosc
34、oe Law: If the product of a reaction of a receiver depends only upon the number of absorbed photons, it is unimportant whether the same amount of photons is absorbed within a shorter or a longer time interval. Therefore in many photochemical reactions the released effect depends on the defined spect
35、ral power distribution of the incident radiation and on the product of irradiance Ee and exposure time t; this means it depends upon the radiant exposure He. Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee No
36、t for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:42:19 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 98 92 I 9006345 0004603 665 I 1. 2. 2.1 2.2 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 5. 5.1 5.2 6. VI CONTENTS Foreword Summary Zusammenfassung Rsum Abbreviations and definitions Contents INTRODUCTIO
37、N APPLICATIONS OF PERSONAL MONITORING TO UVR Intentional exposure Unintentional exposure PHOTOBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF UV EXPOSURE UV-induced biological processes Determination of actinic radiation irradiance and radiant exposure UV radiation sources 3.3.1 Natural UV radiation 3.3.2 Artificial UV radia
38、tion PERSONAL MONITORING Personal monitoring task Personal dosimeter 4.2.1 Personal dosimeter requirements 4.2.2 Personal UV dosimeters Polysulphone film dosimeter 4.3.1 Principle of use 4.3.2 Exposure of the personal dosimeter 4.3.3 Evaluation of the exposed personal dosimeters RESEARCH INTO PERSON
39、AL UV MONITORING Application results of personal UV monitoring Development of routine personal monitoring 5.2.1 Further development of personal dosimeters 5.2.2 Personal UV monitoring as a routine procedure REFERENCES Page 111 IV IV IV V VI 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 14 C
40、opyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:42:19 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 98 92 9006345 0004604 5TL 9 1 1. INTRODUCTION N
41、atural and artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can induce both beneficial and detrimental effects in humans. The severity of these effects depends not only on the quantity but also on the quality, or spectral distribution, of the incident radiation. Since many biological species, including man, d
42、o not maintain a fixed position with respect to the UVR source, the exposure dose of radiation can best be determined by means of personal monitoring. This report summarizes the recommendations of CIE Division 6 (TC 6-19) for personal monitoring of exposure to UVR. 2. APPLICATIONS OF PERSONAL MONITO
43、RING TO UVR The main areas of application for personal monitoring are in occupational medicine, particularly in the control o f exposed workplaces (with respect to maximum permissible radiation exposure limits) and special problems in UV phototherapy, diagnosis and medical research (e.g. derma- tolo
44、gy, ophthalmology). Humans are exposed to UVR either intentionally or unintentionally. 2.1 Intentional exposure - - - - Sunbathing for relaxation and tanning. Cosmetic tanning with artificial sources of UVR. Medical therapy mainly in the treatment of skin diseases, particularly psoriasis (sources in
45、clude both UV lamps and sun exposure in climatotherapy). Prophylactic UV exposure in certain UV-deprived groups e.g. housebound elderlies. 2.2 Unintentional exposure Outdoor occupations including agricultural workers, construction workers, fishermen, gardeners, oil field workers, road workers, polic
46、e officers, sailors, lifeguards, mountain guides and ski instructors. Industrial photoprocesses including electronics industry (photoresists), printing industry (UV drying) and plastics industry (photopolymerization). Germicidal applications including disinfection of sewage effluents, drinking water
47、, air in operating theatres, water for the cosmetics industry and swimming pools. Electric arc welding. Leisure industry including discotheques and cosmetic tanning salons. Hospitals including staff working with phototherapy lamps and lamps used for photoder- matological and fluorescence diagnosis.
48、Dentistry including fluorescence diagnosis and UV curing of dental resins. Scientific laboratories, particularly for photophysics and photochemistry. Off ices including UV component of visible light emitting fluorescent lamps and desk top lamps incorporating tungsten halogen bulbs, and UV lamps used for signature verification by fluorescence. 3. PHOTOBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF UV EXPOSURE 3.1 UV-Induced biological processes Personal monitoring is normally carried out to