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1、Standard Spatial Distribution of Daylight - CIE Standard General Sky Rpartition spatiale de la lumire du jour - Ciel gnral normalis CIE Rumliche Verteilung des Tageslichts - Allgemeiner Himmel nach CIE genormt CIE Standards are copyrighted and shall not be reproduced in any form, entirely or partly,
2、 without the explicit agreement of the CIE. CIE Central Bureau, Vienna S 011/E:2003 Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Vienna, Austria UDC:628.9.02Descriptor:Light from celestial bodies and the sky CIE S 011/E:2003 Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=
3、IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:51:43 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 011/E:2003 II? CIE, 2003 - All rights reserved ? CIE 2003 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be
4、reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from CIE Central Bureau at the address below. CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27 A-1030 Vienna Austria Tel.: +43 1 714 3187 0 Fax: +43 1 713 0838 18 e-mail:
5、 ciecbping.at Web: www.cie.co.at/cie Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:51:43 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 011/E:2
6、003 ? CIE, 2003 All rights reservedIII FOREWORD Standards produced by the Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) are a concise documentation of data defining aspects of light and lighting, for which international harmony requires such unique definition. CIE Standards are therefore a primary s
7、ource of internationally accepted and agreed data, which can be taken, essentially unaltered, into universal standard systems. This Standard has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 3-15*) of Division 3 (Interior Environment and Lighting Design) “Sky luminance models“ and was approved by the Nat
8、ional Committees of the CIE. This present standard replaces CIE S003 - 1996 “Spatial distribution of daylight - CIE standard overcast sky and clear sky“. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORDIII INTRODUCTION1 1. SCOPE1 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES1 3. LIST OF SYMBOLS2 4. SPECIFICATION: THE RELATIVE SKY LUMINANCE DI
9、STRIBUTION3 5. SPECIFICATION: STANDARD PARAMETERS3 6. SPECIFICATION: THE TRADITIONAL OVERCAST SKY6 7. DERIVATION OF THE STANDARD SKY6 ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE): REFERENCES7 *) Chairman of this TC was Y. Uetani (JP), members were: S. Aydinli (DE), A. Joukoff (BE), J. D. Kendrick (AU), R. Kittler (SK), Y.
10、 Koga (JP), K. Matsuura (JP), T. Nagata (JP), H. Nakamura (JP), M. Oki (JP), R. Perez (US), P. R. Tregenza (UK), P. Valko (CH). ? CIE, 2003 Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/2
11、4/2007 08:51:43 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 011/E:2003 IV? CIE, 2003 - All rights reserved Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 1
12、1/24/2007 08:51:43 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 011/E:2003 ? CIE, 2003 All rights reserved1 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DAYLIGHT - CIE STANDARD GENERAL SKY INTRODUCTION The luminance distribution of the sky depends on weather and climate, and it changes
13、 during the course of a day with the position of the sun. This standard lists a set of luminance distributions, which model the sky under a wide range of conditions, from the heavily overcast sky to cloudless weather. It is intended for two purposes: i. to be a universal basis for the classification
14、 of measured sky luminance distributions ii. to give a method for calculating sky luminance in daylighting design procedures. The Standard defines relative luminance distributions: the luminance of the sky at any point is given as a function of the zenith luminance. For daylighting calculation purpo
15、ses it may be used with values of zenith luminance or of horizontal illuminance to obtain absolute luminance distributions. The Standard incorporates both the CIE Standard Clear Sky and the CIE Standard Overcast Sky, which are treated as particular cases of the General Sky. The Overcast Sky is retai
16、ned as a separate formula because there are many calculation procedures that embody the mathematical formulation of this particular distribution. 1. SCOPE This Standard defines a set of outdoor daylight conditions linking sunlight and skylight for theoretical and practical purposes. The luminance di
17、stributions given have the following characteristics: i. They are symmetrical about the solar meridian and are functions of the angular distance, Zs, between the sun and the zenith. ii. They are defined by smooth continuous functions. Such distributions are typical of cloudless skies and of those wh
18、ere the cloud cover is homogeneous. They provide an approximation to skies of broken cloud that is sufficiently accurate for many practical daylight calculation purposes. iii. The relative luminance at any point in the sky depends on the angle, ?, between that sky element and the sun, and on the ang
19、le, Z, between the sky element and the zenith. It is given in terms of two functions: the relative scattering indicatrix, f(?), and the luminance gradation between horizon and zenith, ?(Z). 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES The following standards contain provisions, which through reference in the text, const
20、itute provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on the Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below
21、. Members of the CIE, IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid international standards. 1. CIE 17.4-1987 International Lighting Vocabulary, ILV (joint publication IEC/CIE). 2. ISO 31:1992 Quantities and Units, Part 6: Light and Related Electromagnetic Radiations. Copyright International Com
22、mission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:51:43 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 011/E:2003 2? CIE, 2003 - All rights reserved 3. LIST OF SYMBOLS For th
23、e purposes of this Standard, the following symbols apply: a, bluminance gradation parameters ?azimuth of a sky element (clockwise from north) rad ?sazimuth of the sun (clockwise from north) rad c, d, escattering indicatrix parameters ?shortest angular distance between a sky element and the sun rad f
24、(?)scattering indicatrix function ?(Z)luminance gradation function ?angle of elevation of a sky element above the horizon rad ?sangle of elevation of the sun above the horizon rad Laluminance of a sky element cd/m2 Lzzenith luminance cd/m2 Zangular distance between a sky element and the zenith rad Z
25、sangular distance between the sun and zenith rad For quantities and units see Normative References 1 & 2. zenith sun sky element North Z Zs s ? ? s ? ? ? Figure 1. Angles defining the position of the sun and a sky element. ?s ? ? ?s Zs Z ? Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided
26、by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:51:43 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 011/E:2003 ? CIE, 2003 All rights reserved3 4. SPECIFICATION: THE RELATIVE SKY LUMINANCE DISTRIBUTION Th
27、e position of an arbitrary sky element is defined by its zenith angle, Z, and by the azimuth difference between the element and the sun, ?-?s?. If Zs is the zenith angle of the sun, the angular distance between the element and the sun is ? sss cossinsincoscosarccos?ZZZZ(1) Alternatively, the angle o
28、f elevation, ?, may be used instead of the zenith angle, Z, to define the position of an element. Then ? ? ? 2 Z(2) Similarly the zenith angle of the sun may be obtained from the solar elevation by ss 2 ? ? ?Z(3) The ratio of the luminance, La, of an arbitrary sky element to the zenith luminance, Lz
29、, is )0()( )()( sz a ? ? ? ? ? Zf Zf L L (4) The luminance gradation function, ?, relates the luminance of a sky element to its zenith angle: horizon the at , 1 2 2 0 when , cos exp1)( ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Z Z b aZ (5) The parameters a and b are given in Table 1 for standard sky types. E
30、quation 4 requires the value at the zenith. This is ba exp1)0(?(6) The function f is a scattering indicatrix which relates the relative luminance of a sky element to its angular distance from the sun: ? 2 cos 2 expexp1)(? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?eddcf(7) Its value at the zenith is ? s 2 ss cos 2 ex
31、pexp1)(ZeddZcZf? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?(8) 5. SPECIFICATION: STANDARD PARAMETERS For purposes of classification and description, the parameters a to e in equations 5 - 8 shall be selected from Table 1. This lists fifteen standard relative luminance distributions which are based on six groups of a
32、 and b values for the gradation function and six groups of c, d and e values for the indicatrix function. The resulting curves are illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3. Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee
33、 Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:51:43 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 011/E:2003 4? CIE, 2003 - All rights reserved Table 1. Standard parameters. Type Grada- tion group Indica- trix group abcdeDescription of luminance distribution 1I14,0-0,700-1,00 CIE
34、Standard Overcast Sky, Steep luminance gradation towards zenith, azimuthal uniformity 2I24,0-0,702-1,50,15 Overcast, with steep luminance gradation and slight brightening towards the sun 3II11,1-0,80-1,00 Overcast, moderately graded with azimuthal uniformity 4II21,1-0,82-1,50,15 Overcast, moderately
35、 graded and slight brightening towards the sun 5III10-1,00-1,00Sky of uniform luminance 6III20-1,02-1,50,15 Partly cloudy sky, no gradation towards zenith, slight brightening towards the sun 7III30-1,05-2,50,30 Partly cloudy sky, no gradation towards zenith, brighter circumsolar region 8III40-1,010-
36、3,00,45 Partly cloudy sky, no gradation towards zenith, distinct solar corona 9IV2-1,0-0,552-1,50,15Partly cloudy, with the obscured sun 10IV3-1,0-0,555-2,50,30 Partly cloudy, with brighter circumsolar region 11IV4-1,0-0,5510-3,00,45 White-blue sky with distinct solar corona 12V4-1,0-0,3210-3,00,45
37、CIE Standard Clear Sky, low luminance turbidity 13V5-1,0-0,3216-3,00,30 CIE Standard Clear Sky, polluted atmosphere 14VI5-1,0-0,1516-3,00,30 Cloudless turbid sky with broad solar corona 15VI6-1,0-0,1524-2,80,15 White-blue turbid sky with broad solar corona Copyright International Commission on Illum
38、ination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:51:43 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 011/E:2003 ? CIE, 2003 All rights reserved5 0,2 0,5 1 2 5 8 0306090 relative gradation
39、f( )/f(0) Z zenith angle in degreesZ VI V IV III II I Figure 2. Standard gradation function groups. 1 2 4 3060901201501800 Scattering angle in degrees? 1 5 10 20 Relative indicatrix f( )? 5 6 3 0.8 Relative gradation ?(Z)/?(0) Scattering angle ? in degrees Figure 3.Standard indicatrix function group
40、s. Zenith angle Z in degrees Relative indicatrix f(?) 0,8 Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:51:43 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IH
41、S -,-,- CIE S 011/E:2003 6? CIE, 2003 - All rights reserved 6. SPECIFICATION: THE TRADITIONAL OVERCAST SKY The Standard General Sky integrates the traditional overcast sky formula as the 16th sky* that may be used as an alternate to Sky Type 1 when only overcast skies are to be modelled. This lumina
42、nce distribution should be expressed by the ratio of the luminance of a sky element, Loc(?), to the zenith luminance, Lzoc: ? ? 3 sin21 zoc oc ? ? L L (9) where ? is the angle of elevation of the sky element above the horizon. The difference between Sky Types 1 and 16 is shown on Fig. 4. 0.0 0.1 0.2
43、 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0102030405060708090 Angular distance between a sky element and the zenith deg Relative Luminance -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% Relative Diiference % CIE General Sky: Sky Type 1 Traditional Overcast Sky: Sky Type 16 Relative Difference % Figure 4. Difference between S
44、ky Types 1 and 16. 7. DERIVATION OF THE STANDARD SKY The CIE Standard Overcast Sky and the CIE Standard Clear Sky were developed in a series of publications between 1955 and 1994 1-4. The CIE Standard General Sky is a generalisation of the CIE Clear Sky formula 5. It has been shown to be a good mode
45、l of skies with smoothly varying luminous distributions occurring in various climatic conditions 7,8. Formulae of this type have also been shown to provide a good approximation to skies of broken cloud in maritime climates 9,11. It has also been shown that approximately four types of the General Sky
46、 can give a good characterisation of the exterior daylight conditions, although the particular sky types may differ between climates 11. Absolute values of sky luminance vary with solar elevation, and therefore with latitude. Empirical equations for zenith luminance and horizontal illuminance have b
47、een published for various climates 6,10,12,13. * Same as CIE Standard Overcast Sky of CIE S003/E-1996. Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:51:43 MSTNo reproduction or
48、 networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE S 011/E:2003 ? CIE, 2003 All rights reserved7 ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE): REFERENCES 1. Compte Rendu CIE 13 Session 1955. Natural Daylight. Official Recommendation, 2, part 3.2, II-IV & 35-37 (1955). 2. CIE 22-1973. Standardisation of luminance distribution on clear skies. 3. CIE 110-1994. Spatial distribution