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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD CEN/TS 15103:2005 Solid biofuels Methods for the determination of bulk density ICS 75.160.10 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI DD CEN/TS 15103:2005 This Draft for Develo
2、pment was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 2 February 2006 BSI 2 February 2006 ISBN 0 580 47738 X National foreword This Draft for Development is the official English language version of CEN/TS 15103:2005. This publication is not to be regarded as a Bri
3、tish Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature because the new edition of the international document has been issued as a Technical Specification and is open to further development. It should be applied on this provisional basis,
4、so that information and experience of its practical application may be obtained. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European standard. A review of this public
5、ation will be initiated 2 years after its publication by the European organization so that a decision can be taken on its status at the end of its 3-year life. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to th
6、e replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into a European standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of BSI Technical Committe
7、e PTI/17, Solid biofuels, at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, giving the document reference and clause number and proposing, where possible, an appropriate revision of the text. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its sec
8、retary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Cata
9、logue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TS title page, pages 2 to 10, an in
10、side back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:30 GMT+00:00 2006,
11、Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15103 August 2005 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid biofuels - Methods for the determination of bulk density Biocombustilbles solides - Mthodes de dtermination de la masse volumique en vrac Fe
12、ste Biobrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Schttdichte This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 19 March 2005 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to sub
13、mit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is perm
14、issible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France
15、, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Ma
16、nagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15103:2005: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:30 GMT+00:00 200
17、6, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references .5 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations5 4 Principle.6 5 Apparatus6 6 Sample preparation.7 7 Procedure7 8 Calculation.8 9 Test report.8 10 Precision9 Bibliography.10 CEN/TS 15103:2005 Licensed C
18、opy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 Foreword This Technical Specification (CEN/TS 15103:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid Biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. A
19、ccording to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this CEN Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, La
20、tvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CEN/TS 15103:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4
21、Introduction Bulk density is an important parameter for fuel deliveries on volume basis and together with the net calorific value it determines the energy density. It allows conclusions on the required storage or transportation room demand. This Technical Specification describes the determination of
22、 the bulk density of pourable solid biofuels which can be conveyed in a continuous material flow. For practical reasons two standard measuring containers with a volume of 5 litres or 50 litres were chosen for the determination. Due to the limited volume of these containers, some fuels are therefore
23、excluded from the scope of this Technical Specification. This, for example, applies for chunk wood, uncomminuted bark or for baled material and larger briquettes. A bulk density determination of such fuels can be conducted by applying fuel quantities and transhipment containment (e.g. lorries, conta
24、iners) as typical for the given site. For conclusion on the actual storage room requirement of a solid biofuel the different storage conditions (e.g. height of heap, moisture content), which usually differ largely from the sample volume of the standard measuring container, have also to be taken into
25、 account. CEN/TS 15103:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 5 1 Scope This Technical Specification describes a method of determining bulk density of solid biofuels by the use of a standard measu
26、ring container. This method is applicable to all solid biofuels with a nominal top size of maximum 100 mm. Bulk density is not an absolute value, therefore conditions for its determination have to be standardised in order to gain comparative measuring results. NOTE 1 The nominal top size is defined
27、as the aperture size of the sieve where at least 95 % by mass of the material passes (see normative reference 2a) NOTE 2 Bulk density of solid biofuels is subject to variation due to several impacts such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying and wetting. Measured bulk density can the
28、refore deviate from practice conditions during transportation, storage or transhipment. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition o
29、f the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CEN/TS 14588:2003, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions CEN/TS 14774-1:2004, Solid biofuels Methods for the determination of moisture content Oven dry method, Part 1: Total moisture Reference method CEN/TS 14774-2:2004
30、, Solid biofuels Methods for the determination of moisture content Oven dry method, Part 2: Total moisture Simplified procedure prCEN/TS 14778-1, Solid biofuels Sampling Part 1: Methods for sampling prCEN/TS 14778-2, Solid biofuels Sampling Part 2: Method for sampling particulate material transporte
31、d in lorries prCEN/TS 14779, Solid biofuels Sampling Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 14588:2003 shall apply. Abbreviations used in this Technical Specifi
32、cation: Dar bulk density as received in kg/m Mar the moisture content, as received, as percentage by mass (wet basis) m1 the mass of the empty container in kg m2 the mass of the filled container in kg V the net volume of the measuring container in m CEN/TS 15103:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank
33、 University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 6 4 Principle The test portion is filled into a standard container of a given size and shape and weighed afterwards. Bulk density is calculated from the net weight per standard volume and report
34、ed for the measured moisture content. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Measuring containers 5.1.1 General The container shall be cylindrically shaped and manufactured of a shock resistant, smooth-surfaced material. The container shall be resistant to deformation in order to prevent any variation in shape and volume.
35、 The container has to be waterproof. For easier handling grips may be fixed externally. The height-diameter-ratio shall be within 1,25 and 1,50. 5.1.2 Large container The large measuring container has a filling volume of 50 litres (0,05 m) volume. The volume may deviate by 1 litre (= 2 percent). It
36、shall have an effective (inner) diameter of 360 mm and an effective (inner) height of 491 mm (see figure on right side). Deviations from these dimensions are tolerable, if the height-diameter-ratio remains as given in 5.1.1 5.1.3 Small container The small measuring container has a filling volume of
37、5 litres (0,005 m) volume. The volume may deviate by 0,1 litre (= 2 percent). It shall have an effective (inner) diameter of 167 mm and an effective (inner) height 228 mm (see figure on right side). Deviations from these dimensions are tolerable, if the height-diameter-ratio remains as given in 5.1.
38、1 measuring container, large measuring container, small 5.2 Balances 5.2.1 Balance 1 A balance, having sufficient accuracy to enable the sample and container to be weighed to the nearest 10 g. This balance shall be used for measurements with the large container. 5.2.2 Balance 2 A balance, having suf
39、ficient accuracy to enable the sample and container to be weighed to the nearest 1 g. This balance shall be used for measurements with the small container. CEN/TS 15103:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Co
40、py, (c) BSI 7 5.3 Scantlings A small scantling, preferably made of hard wood, approximately 600 mm long and having a cross section of about 50 x 50 mm Advisable: A strong scantling, preferably made of wood, of 150 mm height 5.4 Wooden board A flat wooden board (e.g. oriented strand board (=OSB) with
41、 a thickness of approximately 15 mm and sufficient in size for the container to be dropped onto for shock exposure. 6 Sample preparation Sampling shall be carried out in accordance with prCEN/TS 14778. If necessary the sample may be divided in mass in accordance with prCEN/TS 14780. The sample volum
42、e should exceed the measuring container volume by 30 %. NOTE Precautions should be carried out to ensure that the moisture is evenly distributed within the sample. 7 Procedure 7.1 Determination of the container volume Before use, the mass and filling volume of the container shall be determined. Weig
43、h the empty, clean and dry container on the balance (5.2.1 or 5.2.2). Then fill the container with water and a few drops of wetting agent (e.g. liquid soap) until maximum capacity; then weigh it again. The water should be at a temperature between 10 and 20 degrees Celsius. Calculate the volume (V) o
44、f the container from the net weight of water and the density of the water (1 kg/dm) and record the result rounded to the nearest 0,00001 m3 (for the large container) or 0,000001 m (for the small container). NOTE 1 The effect of temperature on the density of water is here neglected. NOTE 2 The contai
45、ner volume should be checked regularly. 7.2 Container selection All fuels that are within the scope of this Technical Specification can be used in the large container (5.2.1). For fuels with a nominal top size up to 12 mm and for pellets with a diameter equal or below 12 mm the small container (5.2.
46、2) may be used (optional). 7.3 Measurement procedure a) Fill the container by pouring the sample material from a height of 200 mm to 300 mm above the upper rim until a cone of maximum possible height is formed. NOTE 1 Make sure that the container is dry and clean before being (re)filled. b) The fill
47、ed container is then shock exposed to allow settling. This is done by dropping it freely from 150 mm height onto a wooden board (5.4) which is lying on an even, horizontal and hard floor. Ensure that the board and the floor are in full contact. Before shock exposure remove particles on the wooden pl
48、ate within the dropping area. Make sure that the container hits the ground in a vertical position. Repeat the CEN/TS 15103:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:39:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 8 shock exposure two more times. T
49、hen refill the resulting empty space in the container according to 7.3a. NOTE 2 In order to estimate the falling height correctly, it is useful to place the filled container on a strong scantling of 150 mm (5.3) before moving it to the side for dropping it freely. c) Remove surplus material by using a small scantling (5.3), which is shuffled over the containers edge in oscillating movements. When the sample contains coarse material, all particles preventing the