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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD CEN/TS 15404:2006 Solid recovered fuels Methods for the determination of ash melting behaviour by using characteristic temperatures ICS 75.160.10 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Cop
2、y, (c) BSI DD CEN/TS 15404:2006 This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2006 BSI 2006 ISBN 0 580 49575 2 National foreword This Draft for Development was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of CEN/TS 15404:2
3、006. This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application can be obtained. C
4、omments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European standard. A review of this publication will be initiated not later than 3 years after its publication by the Europe
5、an organization so that a decision can be taken on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whe
6、ther to support the conversion into a European Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. The UK participation in
7、 its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels. A list of organizations represented on PTI/17 can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct appl
8、ication. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15404 October 20
9、06 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of ash melting behaviour by using characteristic temperatures Combustibles solides de rcupration - Mthodes pour la dtermination de la fusibilit des cendres Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des S
10、chmelzverhaltens der Asche bei Anwendung charakteristischer Temperaturen This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 25 March 2006 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be reque
11、sted to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form.
12、 It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finl
13、and, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES K
14、OMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15404:2006: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05
15、:43:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction.4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Principle6 5 Reagents.6 6 Apparatus and auxiliary means6 7 Test conditions 7 8 Calibration check.8 9 Preparation of the test piece 8 10 Procedure
16、.8 11 Expression of test results.9 12 Precision.9 13 Test report9 Bibliography11 CEN/TS 15404:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 15404:2006) has been prepared
17、by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech R
18、epublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. CEN/TS 15404:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Ba
19、nk University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 Introduction Ash melting is a complex process where also shrinkage, sintering and swelling can occur. The test method specified in this Technical Specification provides information about fus
20、ion and melting behaviour of the composite inorganic constituents of the fuel ash at high temperatures. The test method is empirical. The ash used for the test is a homogeneous material, prepared from the fuel, and the determination is performed at a controlled rate of heating in a controlled atmosp
21、here. In contrast, under full-scale conditions, the complex processes of combustion and fusion involve heterogeneous mixtures of particles, variable heating rates and gas compositions. The terms ash fusibility and ash softening are synonyms to ash melting. CEN/TS 15404:2006 Licensed Copy: London Sou
22、th Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 5 1 Scope This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of shrinking, deformation, hemisphere and flow temperature for characterizing the ash melting behaviour of
23、all solid recovered fuels. It is primarily intended for use by laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of solid recovered fuels but is also applicable by authorities and inspection organisations. NOTE This Technical Specification is based on ISO 540:1995 and DIN 51730:1998. 2 Normative ref
24、erences The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this Technical Specification. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CEN/TS 15357:2006, Solid r
25、ecovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions CEN/TS 15403, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the determination of ash content ISO 3310-1, Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Technical Spec
26、ification, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 15357:2006 and the following apply. 3.1 shrinking temperature ST temperature at which shrinking of the test piece occurs. This temperature is defined as when the area of the test piece falls below 95 % of the original test piece area at 550 C NOTE
27、 Shrinking can be due to liberation of carbon dioxide, volatile alkali compounds, and/or sintering. 3.2 deformation temperature DT temperature at which the first signs of roundings of the edges due to melting of the test piece occur 3.3 hemisphere temperature HT temperature at which the test piece f
28、orms approximately a hemisphere, i.e. when the height becomes equal to half the base diameter 3.4 flow temperature FT temperature at which the ash is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which as half of the height of the test piece at the hemisphere temperature NOTE Half of
29、 the height of the test piece is defined due to frequently occurring bubbling effects. This is especially important for automatic image evaluation. This definition is different to other standards. CEN/TS 15404:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12
30、 05:43:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 6 4 Principle A test piece made from the prepared ash is heated up with constant rate whereas the deformation is continuously observed. The temperatures at which characteristic changes of the shape occur are recorded. 5 Reagents 5.1 Water, deminer
31、alised. 5.2 Dextrin, 100g/l solution: Dissolve 10 g of dextrin in 100 ml water. 5.3 Ethanol, with a purity of greater than 95 %. 5.4 Carbon dioxide. 5.5 Gas mixture, of carbon dioxide (5.4) and carbon monoxide: A volume fraction of 55 % to 65 % carbon monoxide is mixed with a volume fraction of 35 %
32、 to 45 % carbon dioxide (5.4). 5.6 Gold wire, with a diameter of 0,5 mm or greater, or a gold plate, with a thickness of 0,5 mm to 1,0 mm, a purity of at least 99,99 % and a certified melting point (e.g. 1 064 C). 5.7 Nickel wire, with a diameter of 0,5 mm or greater, or a nickel plate, with a thick
33、ness of 0,5 mm to 1,0 mm, a purity of at least 99,9 % and a certified melting point (e.g. 1 455 C). NOTE Nickel is used for reducing atmosphere. 5.8 Palladium wire, with a diameter of 0,5 mm or greater, or a palladium plate, with a thickness of 0,5 mm to 1,0 mm, a purity of at least 99,9 % and a cer
34、tified melting point (e.g. 1 554 C). 6 Apparatus and auxiliary means 6.1 Furnace, electrically heated, capable to: a) reach the maximum temperature ( 1 500 C) at which the properties of the ash shall be determined; b) provide and maintain an adequate zone of uniform temperature which to heat the tes
35、t piece(s) in; c) provide means for heating the test piece(s) at an uniform rate from 550 C upwards; d) maintain the required test atmosphere around the test piece(s); e) provide means for observing the change of shape of the test piece(s) during heating. 6.2 Dish, consisting of inert material, such
36、 as porcelain, silica, platinum, with a depth from 10 mm to 20 mm and of such a size that the sample loading does not exceed 0,1 g/cm2 bottom area. 6.3 Pyrometer, consisting of a platinum/platinum-rhodium thermocouple. 6.4 Mould, of brass, stainless steel or other suitable material for preparing the
37、 test piece. 6.5 Spring pressure hand press for producing the test piece, capable of providing a spring pressure of about 1,5 N/mm2. 6.6 Support for the test piece, consisting of such an inert material that it is neither distorted nor absorbs the ash during the determination. CEN/TS 15404:2006 Licen
38、sed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 7 NOTE Supports of sintered alumina or fine-textured mullite are generally satisfactory but difficulties can arise with individual ashes, in which case a non-absorbent
39、 interface such as platinum foil can be used between the original support and the test piece. 6.7 Flowmeters, two, for measuring the components of the reducing gases. NOTE If using oxidising gas, it is not necessary to measure the flow rate. 6.8 Grinding device, such as agate mortar and pestle. 6.9
40、Test sieve, of aperture 0,075 mm and diameter of at least 100 mm complete with lid and receiver, in accordance with ISO 3310-1. 6.10 Optical instrument, such as a camera or video equipment, for observing the profile of the test piece throughout the determination. 7 Test conditions 7.1 Test atmospher
41、e The atmosphere shall be oxidising or reducing, depending on the application. Use air or carbon dioxide (5.4) for an oxidising atmosphere. For a reduced atmosphere, introduce into the furnace a mixture of - 55 % volume fraction to 65 % volume fraction carbon monoxide with 35 % volume fraction to 45
42、 % volume fraction carbon dioxide and - 45 % volume fraction to 55 % volume fraction hydrogen with 45 % volume fraction to 55 % volume fraction carbon dioxide at a minimum linear rate of flow past the test piece between 100 mm/min to 250 mm/min calculated at ambient temperature. NOTE The flow rate i
43、s not very critical, provided that it is sufficient to prevent any leakage of air into the furnace in case of reducing atmosphere. However, the same flow rate level is also recommended for oxidising atmosphere. For open-type furnaces with a larger diameter, a flow rate of about 400 mm/min can be nee
44、ded for reducing atmosphere. In all cases it should also be referred to manufacturer instructions. The flow rate for rotameter adjustment can be calculated by multiplying the flow rate, expressed in millimetres per minute, with the inside cross-section area of the furnace tube converting into litres
45、 per minute. WARNING When using reduced atmosphere as given above, the gases emerging from the furnace will contain a proportion of carbon monoxide; therefore it is essential to ensure that these gases are vented to the outside atmosphere, preferably by means of a hood or an efficient fan system. If
46、 hydrogen is used in the reducing atmosphere, care shall be taken to prevent an explosion occurring by purging with carbon dioxide both prior to the introduction of the hydrogen and after the hydrogen supply is shut off. 7.2 Shape of test piece The test piece shall have sharp edges to facilitate obs
47、ervation. The mass of the test piece shall be such as to ensure equalisation of the temperature within the test piece. Hence, dimensions that are too large shall be avoided. The test piece shall be an upright cylinder with a height of 3 mm to 5 mm and a diameter equal to the height (see Figure 1). C
48、EN/TS 15404:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 8 Key 1 original sample 2 shrinkage 3 deformation 4 hemisphere 5 flow Figure 1 Phases in the ash melting process (original shape = = = = shape an
49、d size at 550 C) 8 Calibration check Check the pyrometer (6.3) regularly under routine test conditions by observing the melting point of gold and, if possible, the melting point of palladium. Test the reducing atmosphere by observing the melting point of nickel. NOTE 1 The correct melting point of nickel makes not sure that the composition of the reducing atmosphere is correct, as deviations should be considerable before the fusibility is affected. If the observed melting points for go