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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 Solid biofuels Sampling Part 1: Methods for sampling ICS 75.160.10 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:38:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI DD CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 This Draft for Developmen
2、t was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 2 February 2006 BSI 2 February 2006 ISBN 0 580 47735 5 National foreword This Draft for Development is the official English language version of CEN/TS 14778-1:2005. This publication is not to be regarded as a Briti
3、sh Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature because the new edition of the international document has been issued as a Technical Specification and is open to further development. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so
4、 that information and experience of its practical application may be obtained. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European standard. A review of this publicat
5、ion will be initiated 2 years after its publication by the European organization so that a decision can be taken on its status at the end of its 3-year life. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the
6、replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into a European standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of BSI Technical Committee
7、PTI/17, Solid biofuels, at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, giving the document reference and clause number and proposing, where possible, an appropriate revision of the text. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secre
8、tary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalo
9、gue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TS title page, pages 2 to 25 and a ba
10、ck cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:38:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) B
11、SI TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 14778-1 November 2005 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid biofuels - Sampling - Part 1: Methods for sampling Biocombustibles solides - Echantillonnage - Partie 1: Mthodes dchantillonnage Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenah
12、me - Teil 1: Verfahren zur Probenahme This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 19 March 2005 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, part
13、icularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflict
14、ing national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hunga
15、ry, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de
16、Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 14778-1:2005: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:38:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy,
17、(c) BSI 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references .5 3 Terms and definitions.5 4 Symbols and abbreviations7 5 Principle of correct sampling.7 6 Precision of sampling.7 7 Sampling of particulate materials7 8 Sampling of large pieces and bales.14 9 Sampling plan .14 10
18、Sampling point14 11 Visual inspection.15 12 Sampling from conveyor belts.15 13 Sampling from falling streams.15 14 Sampling of biofuels in bucket conveyors, drag conveyors, bucket loaders or grabs.16 15 Sampling of biofuels in containers or storage rooms using a sampling pipe .16 16 Sampling of biof
19、uels in packages17 17 Sampling from small stockpiles (volume 10 mm heterogeneous biofuel for example: cutter shavings sawdust for example: wood chips wood pellets nut shells for example: logging residues bark CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank Universi
20、ty, Tue Dec 12 05:38:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 13 The number of increments shall be read from Figure 11 (for stationary material) or Figure 12 (for moving material), or calculated as: For sampling from stationary situations: lot Mn+=025, 05 for Group 1 (3) lot Mn+=040, 010 for Gr
21、oup 2 (4) lot Mn+=060, 020 for Group 3 (5) NOTE These formulae do not apply to large stock piles. For sampling from moving material: lot Mn+=025, 03 for Group 1 (6) lot Mn+=040, 05 for Group 2 (7) lot Mn+=060, 010 for Group 3 (8) where n is the minimum permitted number of increments, round off to th
22、e nearest whole number; Mlot is the mass of the lot or sub-lot in tonnes. Figure 11 Numbers of increments to take when sampling biofuel that is stationary Figure 11 does not apply to large stockpiles. CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue
23、Dec 12 05:38:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 14 Figure 12 Numbers of increments to take when sampling biofuel that is moving The number of increments given by Figure 12 may be excessive when sampling large quantities, e.g. shiploads. 8 Sampling of large pieces and bales If the material
24、 arises as pieces or bales that are too large to be sampled with a fork or a shovel, i.e. with a nominal top size 100 mm, sampling shall be carried out as follows. Volume of individual pieces 5 litre: The size of an increment, V litre, shall be one piece. The pieces shall be picked manually and at r
25、andom from the lot or the sub-lot. Volume of individual pieces 5 litre: The size of an increment, V litre, shall be at least one litre. The increments shall be drilled or cut out of pieces picked manually and at random from the lot or the sub-lot. The number of increments shall be according to formu
26、lae 4 and 7 stated in 7.3 for Group 2 materials. 9 Sampling plan A written sampling plan shall be prepared, before samples are taken, according to CEN/TS 14779. This shall use the appropriate apparatus described in 7.1 of this Technical Specification. The number of increments shall be: not less than
27、 the minimum number of increments specified in 7.3 in this Technical Specification; not less than the number required by the procedure in CEN/TS 14779 for calculating the size of sample needed for all the tests to be performed on the sample. 10 Sampling point In general, it is difficult to take samp
28、les in a way that satisfies the principle of correct sampling when the material is stationary (for example, in a silo or stockpile, or in a lorry or ship). It is easier when the material is CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:3
29、8:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 15 moving (for example, on a conveyor belt, or being loaded into or unloaded from a ship). Sampling from moving material is to be preferred wherever possible. 11 Visual inspection If possible, each lot or sub-lot shall be inspected visually. If it cons
30、ists of a mixture of substantially different materials, or if it contains lumps of unwanted material (such as soil or pieces of metal) this shall be reported immediately to the appropriate party according to the contract. The sampler shall proceed with taking a sample if requested to do so by the ap
31、propriate party. 12 Sampling from conveyor belts 12.1 Lot or sub-lot The lot or sub-lot shall be defined as all the material in the container that the sample is to represent, or, in the case of continuous production, all the material passing the sampling point during a specified time interval. 12.2
32、Manual sampling from stopped conveyor belts A sampling frame shall be used to separate the material to be taken as an increment. The width of the opening of the sampling frame shall be at least 2,5 times the nominal top size of the material to be sampled. All the material contained within the sampli
33、ng frame shall be taken as the increment. If material is trapped under the edges of the frame, the material trapped under one edge shall be included in the increment and the material trapped under the other edge shall be excluded from the increment. Increments shall be taken at regular intervals dur
34、ing the discharge of the lot or sub-lot. 12.3 Mechanical sampling from moving conveyor belts A cross-belt sampler can be used for sampling materials from a moving conveyor belt. The equipment shall be designed so that it takes material from the full depth of the conveyor. 13 Sampling from falling st
35、reams 13.1 General The lot or sub-lot shall be defined as all the material in the container that the sample is to represent, or, in the case of continuous production, all the material passing the sampling point during a specified time interval. Either manual or mechanical methods may be used. Sampli
36、ng shall be carried out using a sampling box (see Figure 2) or other suitable equipment that is passed through the stream of falling material so that it cuts the whole of the falling stream. The width of the opening of the sampling box (b mm) shall be at least 2,5 times the nominal top size (d mm) o
37、f the material to be sampled. The box shall be large enough so that it does not become overloaded. The velocity at which the box is passed through the falling stream shall be uniform and shall exceed neither 1,5 m/s nor 0,3 + 0,1(b/d) m/s. Increments shall be taken at regular intervals during the di
38、scharge of the lot or sub-lot. The interval between increments shall be such that at least ten times the mass of the increment passes between one increment and the next. CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:38:55 GMT+00:00 2006,
39、 Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 16 13.2 Sampling of fibrous vegetable waste Sampling of fibrous vegetable waste intended for energy use shall be done after it is dewatered in a belt press. From this sample, moisture content (still left), and e.g. ash is determined. Following sample description: After be
40、lt press, approximately 100 g sample is taken from a falling stream of dried sludge. The stream can have a thickness of some centimetres and width, for instance, 3 m. The sampling can be done manually taking a handful of increment of about 100 g from the middle of the stream and in both sides of the
41、 stream about 10 cm to 20 cm from the edge to the middle. These increments are combined to one sample. 14 Sampling of biofuels in bucket conveyors, drag conveyors, bucket loaders or grabs The lot or sub-lot shall be defined as all the material in the container that the sample is to represent, or, in
42、 the case of continuous production, all the material passing the sampling point during a specified time interval. A number of bucketfuls or grabfuls or compartments of the drag conveyor shall be selected for sampling at regular intervals during the discharge of the lot or sub-lot. Either take all of
43、 a selected bucketful or grabful or a compartment of the drag conveyor as an increment, or take one increment. To take an increment use a scoop, shovel or fork, and follow either (a) or (b). a) If access to the material can be obtained without tipping it out of the bucket or grab or a compartment of
44、 the drag conveyor, take an increment by digging into the material. Take the increments from different locations each time. b) If access to the material cannot be obtained when it is in the bucket, or in the compartment of the drag conveyor, tip the contents onto a clean, hard surface, and take incr
45、ements by digging into the tipped material. Take increments from different locations in the heap each time. Increments shall not be taken from the lowest part of the heap i.e. not from the lowest 300 mm. c) Sampling of fibrous vegetable waste intended for energy use shall be done after it is dewater
46、ed in a belt press. After the belt press, a sample is taken by using a 2-litre cylinder scoop from the mass locating in the feeding screw, which feeds to the boiler. From the scoop a sub-sample is taken by hand to the laboratory. 15 Sampling of biofuels in containers or storage rooms using a samplin
47、g pipe The lot shall be defined as all the material in the container. A sampling pipe is suitable for sampling granular materials with a nominal top size less than 25 mm, which flow freely (such as wood pellets). The length of the pipe shall be sufficient to reach all the way into the container. The
48、 length of the holes in the pipe shall be greater than the nominal top size of the material to be sampled. The width of the holes in the sampling pipe shall be greater than three times the nominal top size of the material to be sampled. The holes in the sampling pipe should be twisted as illustrated
49、 in Figure 9, and the pipe shall be constructed so that the holes open one after the other starting with the hole closest to the tip of the pipe. To take a sampling increment with the pipe, insert the pipe into the material at an angle between 30 and 75. Insert the pipe completely before opening the sampling holes. Shaking the pipe can help to fill it. Take care when removing the increment from the pipe to remove all the fine parti