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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD CEN/TS 15324:2008 Bitumen and bituminous binders Determination of equiviscous temperature based on Low Shear Viscosity using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer in low frequency oscillation mode ICS 91.100.50 ? Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:32, Uncontroll
2、ed Copy, (c) BSI DD CEN/TS 15324:2008 This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2008 BSI 2008 ISBN 978 0 580 55732 3 National foreword This Draft for Development is the UK implementation of CEN/TS 15324:2008. This publicati
3、on is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application can be obtained. Comments arising fro
4、m the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European standard. A review of this publication will be initiated not later than three years after its publication by the European organization
5、 so that a decision can be taken on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support
6、 the conversion into a European Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. The UK participation in its preparatio
7、n was entrusted by Technical Committee B/510, Road materials, to Subcommittee B/510/19, Bitumen and related products. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a cont
8、ract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication DateComments Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:32, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15324 April 2
9、008 ICS 91.100.50 English Version Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of equiviscous temperature based on Low Shear Viscosity using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer in low frequency oscillation mode Bitumes et liants bitumineux - Dtermination de la temprature dquiviscosit base sur la mesure de l
10、a viscosit faible taux de cisaillement utilisant un rhomtre cisaillement dynamique (DSR) en mode oscillatoire basse frquence Bitumen und bitumenhaltige Bindemittel - Bestimmung der quiviskosittstemperatur basierend auf Viskositt bei niedriger Schergeschwindigkeit mit Hilfe eines dynamischen Scher-Rh
11、eometers in niederfrequentem Schwingungsmodus This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 23 March 2007 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their commen
12、ts, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep
13、conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germ
14、any, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG
15、 Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15324:2008: E Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:32, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 Contents Pag
16、e Foreword3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Principle7 5 Apparatus .7 6 Preparation of rheometer and specimen.8 7 Procedure .9 8 Expression of results 11 9 Precision.12 10 Test reports13 Annex A (informative) Test examples .14 Annex B (informative) Temperature verifica
17、tion procedure .23 Bibliography24 CEN/TS 15324:2008 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:32, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 15324:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 336 “Bituminous binders”, the secretariat of which is held by AF
18、NOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organiz
19、ations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
20、 Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. CEN/TS 15324:2008 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:32, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 1 Scope This document describes the determination of the EquiViscous Temperature (EVT) of bitumen or bitumin
21、ous binder samples, based on a defined, practice related Low Shear Viscosity (LSV), using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) in low frequency oscillation mode. The EquiViscous Temperature (EVT) measured by this binder test is seen as a performance indicator for the partial contribution of the bituminou
22、s binder to the rutting resistance of the compacted asphalt mixture under service conditions at elevated pavement temperatures. The test method described in this document is applicable to unaged, aged and recovered bituminous binders including Polymer Modified Binders (PMBs). WARNING Use of this doc
23、ument can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
24、 regulatory limitations prior to use. Since this document involves handling apparatus and binders at high temperatures, always wear protective gloves and eye glasses when handling hot binder, and avoid contact with any exposed skin. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indis
25、pensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12594, Bitumen and bituminous binders Preparation of test samples ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (tr
26、ueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 complex shear modulus G*
27、 “sincos * * * * iGGGiGeGG i +=+= (i2=-1) (1) where G* is the complex shear modulus, expressed in Pascal (Pa); * is the harmonic, sinusoidal shear stress, expressed in Pascal (Pa); * is the harmonic, sinusoidal shear strain; * G is the norm of the complex shear modulus, ratio of peak stress to peak
28、strain in harmonic, sinusoidal oscillation; is the phase angle of the complex shear modulus, shift between stress and strain in harmonic, sinusoidal oscillation; CEN/TS 15324:2008 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:32, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 5 G is the real part of the c
29、omplex shear modulus (storage modulus); G” is the imaginary part of the complex shear modulus (loss modulus) 3.2 complex viscosity * “ “ * * * * = = = =i G i G i G * is the harmonic, sinusoidal shear stress, expressed in Pascal (Pa); is the real part of the complex viscosity (dynamic viscosity); ” i
30、s the imaginary part of the complex viscosity; is the angular frequency, expressed in radian/second (rad/s). = * : norm of complex viscosity, ratio of peak shear stress to peak shear rate in harmonic sinusoidal oscillation, in (Pa s); (Hz) 6,28318s) / (rad f=(4) where f: frequency of sinusoidal osci
31、llation, in Hz. 3.3 Zero Shear Viscosity (ZSV), 0 dynamic viscosity of bitumen depends on the shear stress or shear strain rate level (i.e. non-Newtonian substance) The shear thinning or pseudo-plastic behaviour is characterised by decreasing viscosity with increasing shear stress or shear rate betw
32、een two well defined values: ”Zero Shear Viscosity” 0 at zero and “Limiting Viscosity” at infinitely high shear stress or shear rate (Figure 1). The dynamic viscosity in the intermediate domain between 0 and is called “Apparent Viscosity” because it depends on the (incident) loading conditions CEN/T
33、S 15324:2008 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:32, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 6 Key X log shear stress , or log shear rate CEN/TS 15324:2008 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:32, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 9 directly pouring onto the test plate. In
34、 the latter case, pour sufficient binder from the vial onto the test geometry for there to be an excess appropriate to the measuring geometry chosen. Discard any binder remaining in the vial. If preferred, weigh the required quantity of binder directly on to the approximate centre of the measuring g
35、eometry being used. Proceed to sub-clause 6.4. If using moulds, pour sufficient binder into the mould. To avoid successive sample heating, several specimens may be prepared at this stage. Discard any binder remaining in the vial. Store the covered moulds or sheet material at ambient temperature befo
36、re testing. Any specimen not tested within 7 days shall be discarded. To minimise the effect of sample preparation, it is advised to pour the specimens 24 h before measuring. Before testing, if necessary, place the specimens in a refrigerator (approximately 5 C) to allow them to stiffen for proper,
37、deformation-free release from the moulds. To avoid physical hardening, it is recommended not to leave the specimens in the cool chamber for any longer than the time needed to obtain proper stiffness. The recommended time is approximately 10 min and shall not exceed 30 min. Release the specimens from
38、 the moulds. Wipe away any release agent that may have been used. Attach the specimen to the clean, dry test plate. 6.4 Setting the gap and trimming the specimen After the specimen has been loaded into the rheometer as described above, bring the rheometer to the selected gap setting + 0,05 mm. Trim
39、any excess binder with a knife or spatula. The tool may be heated on a hot plate or with a flame. After trimming, raise or lower the opposing plate to the set testing gap ( 0,01 mm). Do not trim at this stage. If the test specimen does not cover the whole measuring plate (indicated by a slight bulgi
40、ng at the periphery of the test specimen), remove it and re-prepare the rheometer plates, and prepare a fresh test specimen. NOTE Good bonding of the specimen to the plates is a prerequisite for successful testing. The bonding depends on the temperature of the plates at the start of the test. If the
41、 test temperature is lower than 40 C, it is necessary to briefly increase the temperature without exceeding the presumed softening point to ensure the binder adheres to the test plates. 7 Procedure 7.1 Test Part 1, temperature sweep: determination of EVT1 Set up the rheometer to test in the oscillat
42、ory mode (see NOTE 1). The temperature sweep shall run from lower temperature to higher temperature, monitoring at least two full cycles at each test temperature (see NOTE 2 and NOTE 3). Allow sufficient time to reach thermal equilibrium at each step (see NOTE 4). The applied strain has to be within
43、 the linear viscoelastic region (see NOTE 5). For every temperature increment, calculate the Low Shear Viscosity G* is the complex shear modulus, expressed in kiloPascal (kPa). If the nature of the test sample is unknown or the polymer concentration of a PMB sample exceeds a level that is typical fo
44、r standard paving PMB, the region of the linear viscoelastic behaviour has to be experimentally determined. This can be done also in the DSR equipment by an amplitude sweep with an extra part of the sample material at a test temperature near EVT1. During the amplitude sweep the complex modulus has t
45、o be determined as a function of the applied strain. The horizontal part of the curve represents the linear viscoelastic region. The strain target should be a value not higher than two-third of the maximum strain value within the linear viscoelastic region. NOTE 6 1 b) type and complete identificati
46、on of the sample under test; c) reference to this European standard; d) date of the test; e) test plate diameter, to the nearest 0,1 mm and gap, to the nearest 1 m; f) target strain , to the nearest 0,001; g) target frequency f, to the nearest 0,001 Hz; h) chosen value 1 i) temperature EVT1, to the
47、nearest 0,1 C; j) plots according to Figure A.1 and Figure A.3. NOTE 1 For gaining experience with this new test method it is recommended to add the primary test results according to Table A.1 and Table A.3, including phase angle to the test reports. If Test Part 2 has been carried out, the test rep
48、ort shall also contain the following information: k) minimum and maximum frequency f of the frequency sweep, to the nearest 0,001 Hz; l) target strain , to the nearest 0,001; m) frequency at which 2 n) viscosity 2 o) temperature EVT2, to the nearest 0,1 C; p) plots according to Figure A.2 (and Figur
49、e A.4). NOTE 2 For gaining experience with this new test method it is recommended to add the primary test results according to Table A.2 and Table A.4 including phase angle to the test reports. For both test parts, the test report shall contain the following information: q) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from t