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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ISO/TS 16976-1:2007 Respiratory protective devices Human factors Part 1: Metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates ICS 13.340.30 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Dec 20 02:39:20 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI DD IS
2、O/TS 16976-1:2007 This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2007 BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0 580 54031 8 National foreword This Draft for Development is the UK implementation of ISO/TS 16976-1:2007. This publication is not to b
3、e regarded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application can be obtained. Comments arising from the use of t
4、his Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the international organization responsible for its conversion to an international standard. A review of this publication will be initiated not later than 3 years after its publication by the international organization s
5、o that a decision can be taken on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support t
6、he conversion into an international Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. The UK participation in its prepar
7、ation was entrusted to Technical Committee PH/4, Respiratory protection. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct a
8、pplication. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Dec 20 02:39:20 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Reference number ISO/TS 16976-1:2007(E) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16976-1 First edition
9、 2007-11-01 Respiratory protective devices Human factors Part 1: Metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates Appareils de protection respiratoire Facteurs humains Partie 1: Rgimes mtaboliques et rgimes des dbits respiratoires DD ISO/TS 16976-1:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London
10、South Bank University, Thu Dec 20 02:39:20 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Dec 20 02:39:20 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative refere
11、nces1 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 Activity and metabolic rate.2 5 Metabolic rate and oxygen consumption4 6 Oxygen consumption and minute volume5 7 Minute volume and peak inspiratory flow rates .6 7.1 Normal breathing.6 7.2 Speech and breathing .7 8 Individual variation and gender aspects.9 Annex A
12、(informative) Examples for the use of data.12 Bibliography15 DD ISO/TS 16976-1:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Dec 20 02:39:20 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worl
13、dwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on
14、that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted i
15、n accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard
16、 requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document: an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS
17、) represents an agreement between technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical co
18、mmittee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting a vote. An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If
19、 the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO
20、 shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TS 16976-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 94, Personal safety Protective clothing and equipment, Subcommittee SC 15, Respiratory protective devices. ISO 16976 consists of the following parts, under the gene
21、ral title Respiratory protective devices Human factors: Part 1: Metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates Technical Specification The following parts are under preparation: Part 2: Anthropometrics Part 3: Physiological responses and limitations of oxygen and limitations of carbon dioxide in the bre
22、athing environment DD ISO/TS 16976-1:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Dec 20 02:39:20 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI v Introduction For an appropriate design, selection and use of respiratory protective devices, it is important to consid
23、er the basic physiological demands of the user. The type and intensity of work affect the metabolic rate (energy expenditure) of the wearer. The weight and weight distribution of the device on the human body also may influence metabolic rate. Metabolic rate is directly correlated with oxygen consump
24、tion, which determines the respiratory demands and flow rates. The work of breathing is influenced by the air flow resistances of the device and the lung airways. The work (or energy cost) of a breath is related to the pressure gradient created by the breathing muscles and the volume that is moved i
25、n and out of the lung during the breath. Anthropometric and biomechanical data are required for the appropriate design of various components of a respiratory protective device, as well as for the design of relevant test methods. This Technical Specification is the first part of a series of documents
26、 providing basic physiological and anthropometric data on humans. It contains information about metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates for various types of physical activity. DD ISO/TS 16976-1:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Dec 20 02:39:20 GMT
27、+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI blank Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Dec 20 02:39:20 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 1 Respiratory protective devices Human factors Part 1: Metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates 1 Scope This Techn
28、ical Specification is part of a series that provides information on factors related to human anthropometry, physiology, ergonomics and performance, for the preparation of standards for performance requirements, testing and use of respiratory protective devices. This Technical Specification contains
29、information related to respiratory and metabolic responses to rest and work at various intensities. Information is provided for: metabolic rates associated with various intensities of work; oxygen consumption as a function of metabolic rate and minute ventilation for persons representing three body
30、sizes; peak inspiratory flow rates during conditions of speech and no speech for persons representing three body sizes as a function of metabolic rates. The information contained within this Technical Specification represents data for healthy adult men and women of approximately 30 years of age, but
31、 is applicable for the age range of the general population. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (i
32、ncluding any amendments) applies. ISO 8996:2004, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Determination of metabolic rate 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 aerobic energy production biochemical process in human cells that delivers
33、energy by combustion of fat, carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, protein in the presence of oxygen, with water and carbon dioxide as end products 3.2 anaerobic energy production biochemical process in human cells that delivers energy by combustion of carbohydrates without oxygen, with lactic acid
34、 as the end product DD ISO/TS 16976-1:2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Dec 20 02:39:20 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 3.3 Ambient Temperature Pressure Saturated ATPS standard condition for the expression of ventilation parameters relat
35、ed to expired air NOTE Actual ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure; saturated water vapour pressure. 3.4 Ambient Temperature Pressure Humidity ATPH standard condition for the expression of ventilation parameters related to inspired air NOTE Actual ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure an
36、d water vapour pressure. 3.5 breath cycle respiratory period comprising an inhalation and an exhalation phase 3.6 Body Temperature Pressure Saturated BTPS standard condition for the expression of ventilation parameters NOTE Body temperature (37 C), atmospheric pressure 101,3 kPa (760 mmHg) and water
37、 vapour pressure (6,27 kPa) in saturated air. 3.7 peak inspiratory flow rate highest instantaneous flow rate during the inhalation phase of a breath cycle, in l/s BTPS NOTE L/s is the preferred unit as the flow takes place during only a short fraction of the breath cycle. 3.8 minute ventilation VE t
38、otal volume of air inspired (or expired) in the lungs during one minute, in l/min BTPS 3.9 oxygen consumption VO2 amount of oxygen consumed by the human tissues for aerobic energy production, in l/min STPD 3.10 physical work capacity ability of a person to engage in muscular work 3.11 Standard Tempe
39、rature Pressure Dry STPD standard conditions for expression of oxygen consumption NOTE Standard temperature (0 C) and pressure (101,3 kPa, 760 mmHg), dry air (0 % relative humidity). 4 Activity and metabolic rate Users of respiratory protective devices (RPD) perform physical work at various intensit
40、ies. Physical work, in particular when associated with large muscle groups as is the case with fire fighting, requires high levels of metabolic energy production (metabolic rate). The energy is produced in human cells by aerobic or anaerobic processes. DD ISO/TS 16976-1:2007 Licensed Copy: London So
41、uth Bank University, London South Bank University, Thu Dec 20 02:39:20 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 Aerobic energy production is by far the most common form of energy yield for all types of human cells. It is also the normal form of energy production for the muscles. Depending on phy
42、sical fitness and other factors, humans can sustain high levels of aerobic energy production for long periods of time. Very high activity levels, however, can only be sustained for short periods of time (minutes) and they also engage the anaerobic energy yielding processes. The associated production
43、 of lactic acid is one reason for the early development of fatigue and exhaustion. Aerobic energy production is strictly dependent on the constant delivery of oxygen to the active cells. Oxygen is extracted from inspired air, bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells in the alveolar capillaries and tr
44、ansported to the target tissues via the circulation. Consequently, there is a direct, linear relationship between the rate of oxygen consumption and the metabolic rate. The relationship is described in ISO 8996. Table 1 in this Technical Specification is derived from ISO 8996:2004, Table A.2, which
45、defines five classes of metabolic rate. This table forms the basis for developing a standard for the assessment of heat stress. The classes represent types of work found in industry. The figures represent average metabolic rates for work periods or full work shifts, generally including breaks. Metab
46、olic rate shall not be confused with external work rates, such as those defined on a bicycle ergometer. Rescue work and fire fighting are by nature temporary and often unpredictable. Activities may become very demanding and high levels of metabolic rate have been reported in references 1, 8, 9, 10,
47、11, 15, 16 and 17. According to reference 15, mean values for oxygen uptake of between 40 ml/(kg min) and 45 ml/(kg min) are reported for the most demanding tasks in fire fighting drills (see references 2, 4 and 8). Assuming an average body weight of 80 kg, the absolute oxygen uptake is between abou
48、t 3,2 l/min and 3,6 l/min. In reference 15, mean values of (2,4 0,5) l/min for a 17 min test drill exercise were reported; reference 10 reported a mean value of (2,75 0,3) l/min for a 22 min test drill. The average value for the most demanding task (ascending a tower) was (3,55 0,27) l/min. The rang
49、e of values for this task was between 3,24 l/min and 4,13 l/min. This corresponded to average metabolic rates of 474 W/m2 and 612 W/m2, respectively. Table 1 Classification of work based on metabolic rate (MR) Class Work Average metabolic rate W/m2 1 Resting 65 2 Light work 100 3 Moderate work 165 4 Heavy work 230 5 Very heavy work 290 6 Very, very heavy work (2 h) 400 7 Extremely heavy work (15 min) 475 8 Maximal work (5 min) 600 NOTE