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1、MANUAL GEOTECHNICAL AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING DDD 34.11.00.12-Gen. April 1987 DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRACTICE USED BY COMPANIES OF THE ROYAL DUTCH/SHELL GROUP This document is confidential. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party without the prior written
2、 consent of Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., The Hague, the Netherlands. The copyright of this document is vested in Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., The Hague, the Netherlands. All rights reserved. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be reproduced,
3、stored in any retrieval system or transmitted PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic, recording or otherwise) without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version PREFACE DEP
4、 (Design and Engineering Practice) publications reflect the views, at the time of publication, of: Shell International Oil Products B.V. (SIOP) and Shell International Exploration and Production B.V. (SIEP) and Shell International Chemicals B.V. (SIC) The Hague, The Netherlands, and other Service Co
5、mpanies. They are based on the experience acquired during their involvementwith the design, construction, operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities, and they are supplemented with the experience of Group Operating companies. Where appropriate they are based on, or reference is mad
6、e to, national and international standards and codes of practice. The objective is to set the recommendedstandard for good design and engineeringpractice applied by Group companies operating an oil refinery, gas handling installation, chemical plant, oil and gas production facility, or any other suc
7、h facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical and economic benefit from standardization. The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and decision to implement. This is of particular importance where DEPs may not cover every requirement or diver
8、sity of condition at each locality. The system of DEPs is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating companies to adapt the information set forth in DEPs to their own environment and requirements. When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use DEPs they shall be solely respo
9、nsible for the quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those requirements not specifically covered, the Principal will expect them to follow those design and engineering practices which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflec
10、ted in the DEPs. If in doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility, consult the Principal or its technical advisor. The right to use DEPs is granted by SIOP, SIEP or SIC, in most cases under Service Agreements primarily with companies of the R
11、oyal Dutch/Shell Group and other companies receiving technical advice and services from SIOP, SIEP or SIC. Consequently, three categories of users of DEPs can be distinguished: 1)Operating companies having a Service Agreement with SIOP, SIEP, SIC or other Service Company. The use of DEPs by these Op
12、erating companies is subject in all respects to the terms and conditions of the relevant Service Agreement. 2)Other parties who are authorized to use DEPs subject to appropriate contractual arrangements. 3)Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users referred to
13、 under 1) or 2) which requires that tenders for projects, materials supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said users comply with the relevant standards. Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with users, SIOP, SIEP and SIC discla
14、im any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death) suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application or implementation of any DEP, combination of DEPs or any part thereof. The benefit of this disclaimer shall inure in
15、 all respects to SIOP, SIEP, SIC and/or any company affiliated to these companies that may issue DEPs or require the use of DEPs. Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements, DEPs shall not, without the prior written consent of SIOP a
16、nd SIEP, be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever and the DEPs shall be used exclusively for the purpose for which they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including any copies which shall only be made by users with the express prior written consent of
17、SIOP and SIEP. The copyright of DEPs vests in SIOP and SIEP. Users shall arrange for DEPs to be held in safe custody and SIOP or SIEP may at any time require information satisfactory to them in order to ascertain how users implement this requirement. All administrative queries should be directed to
18、the DEP Administrator in SIOP. NOTE: In addition to DEP publications there are Standard Specifications and Draft DEPs for Development (DDDs). DDDs generally introduce new procedures or techniques that will probably need updating as further experience develops during their use. The above requirements
19、 for distribution and use of DEPs are also applicable to Standard Specifications and DDDs. Standard Specifications and DDDs will gradually be replaced by DEPs. DDD 34.11.00.12-Gen. April 1987 Page 2 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION .6 2.DEFINITIONS 7 2.
20、1GENERAL DEFINITIONS 7 2.2TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS .7 3.BASIC APPROACH TO GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING. 9 3.1GEOTECHNICAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS .9 3.2SITE INVESTIGATION 9 3.3SOIL AND ROCK CLASSIFICATION 9 3.4LOADS ON FOUNDATIONS .9 3.4.1General9 3.4.2Dynamic loads.9 3.5EARTHQUAKES9 3.6MARINE AND WATERFRONT
21、 STRUCTURES.10 3.7DESIGN COMPUTATIONS AND REPORT.10 3.8INTERACTION WITH ADJACENT STRUCTURES. 10 3.9MONITORING OF FOUNDATIONS 10 4.SPREAD FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL.11 4.1FOUNDATION DEPTH11 4.2ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY .11 4.3SETTLEMENT BEHAVIOUR .11 4.4ALLOWABLE LOAD 11 4.5DYNAMIC LOADS AND EARTHQUAKES.11
22、4.6INTERACTION WITH ADJACENT STRUCTURES. 11 4.7IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPERVISION .11 4.8TANK FOUNDATIONS 12 5.PILE FOUNDATIONS IN SOIL13 5.1GENERAL13 5.2TYPE OF SOIL INVESTIGATION 14 5.3TYPES OF PILES15 5.3.1Prefabricated or cast-in-situ.15 5.3.2Selection of prefabricated piles15 5.4PILE DESIGN AND MAT
23、ERIAL .16 5.4.1General16 5.4.2Driveability .16 5.4.3Corrosion .16 5.4.4Heave 16 5.4.5Timber piles .16 5.4.6Precast concrete piles .16 5.5COMPRESSION PILES.18 5.5.1End bearing and positive friction18 5.5.2Settlements18 5.5.3Negative friction .18 5.5.4Allowable load on a single pile.18 5.5.5Safety fac
24、tors.18 5.5.6Pile group effects.19 5.6TENSION PILES20 5.6.1Individual piles .20 5.6.2Pile group effects.20 5.7PILES UNDER CYCLIC AXIAL LOADS.21 5.8LATERALLY LOADED PILES22 5.9RAKING PILES23 5.10PERFORMANCE OF PILING WORK24 DDD 34.11.00.12-Gen. April 1987 Page 3 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial
25、version 5.10.1Storage and handling of piles 24 5.10.2Supervision 24 5.10.3Pile Installation Log Book.24 5.10.4Driving tolerances24 5.10.5Pile Driving Sequence .24 5.10.6Jetting and preboring .25 5.11INTERACTION WITH ADJACENT STRUCTURES. 26 5.12INTEGRITY TESTING .27 5.13LOAD TESTING 28 5.13.1Purpose
26、 .28 5.13.2Number of tests .28 5.13.3Selection of piles, time and locations of tests 28 5.13.4Loading procedure.28 5.13.5Equipment, operators and supervision 29 5.13.6Acceptance criteria 29 6.FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK OR CEMENTED SOILS . 30 6.1GENERAL30 6.2SPREAD FOUNDATIONS .30 6.2.1Foundation depth.30 6
27、.2.2Bearing capacity and settlement30 6.2.3Testing.30 6.3PILED FOUNDATIONS .31 6.3.1Pile types .31 6.3.2Driven piles31 6.3.3Socketed piles .31 6.3.4Pile load testing .32 7.EARTHWORKS.33 7.1GENERAL33 7.1.1General references33 7.1.2Site investigation 33 7.1.3Excavations .33 7.1.4Fills and embankments3
28、3 7.1.5Tank pads (See (4.8) and DEP 34.11.00.11-Gen.) 33 7.2SLOPES 34 7.2.1Erosion protection34 7.2.2Stability 34 7.2.3Monitoring 34 7.3SETTLEMENTS.34 7.4SOIL IMPROVEMENT .35 7.4.1General35 7.4.2Review of methods 35 7.5DEWATERING AND DRAINAGE 36 7.5.1Design and construction 36 7.5.2Effects on enviro
29、nment 36 8.EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 37 8.1STRUCTURE TYPES37 8.2LOADS 37 8.3SHEET PILING 37 8.3.1Calculations and safety factors37 8.3.2Corrosion .37 8.4DIAPHRAGM WALLS AND PILE WALLS37 8.5GRAVITY TYPE OR L-SHAPED RETAINING WALLS 37 9.GROUND ANCHORS39 9.1DESIGN .39 DDD 34.11.00.12-Gen. April 1987 P
30、age 4 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version 9.2INSTALLATION, SUPERVISION AND TESTING39 9.2.1Installation39 9.2.2Anchor Installation Log Book .39 9.2.3Supervision 40 9.2.4Load testing .40 9.2.5Monitoring 40 10.REFERENCES 41 11.APPENDICES .43 APPENDICES APPENDIX IGENERAL PRINCIPLES AND TERMS
31、IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 44 APPENDIX IIULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF SPREAD FOUNDATIONS . 51 APPENDIX IIIPILE BEARING CAPACITY (DRIVEN COMPRESSION PILES) 55 APPENDIX IVCALCULATION PRINCIPLES FOR NEGATIVE FRICTION ON PILES .60 APPENDIX VTENSION CAPACITY OF DRIVEN PILES .62 APPENDIX VICALCULATION PR
32、INCIPLES FOR LATERALLY LOADED PILES 63 APPENDIX VIIAXIAL PILE LOAD TESTS .65 APPENDIX VIIIPRINCIPLES OF SLOPE STABILITY CALCULATIONS 66 APPENDIX IXPRINCIPLES OF SETTLEMENT CALCULATIONS . 70 APPENDIX XDESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHEET PILING . 74 APPENDIX XISURFACE ROCK ENGINEERING .79 DDD 34.11.00.12-Gen.
33、 April 1987 Page 5 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version 1.INTRODUCTION This manual deals with the geotechnical design and engineering problems relating to the foundation of structures and to the stability and deformation of excavations, embankments and (earth) retaining structures. Civil w
34、orks such as roads, underground piping, etc. are not discussed here specifically. However, the design and engineering of such works should be performed in corresponding fashion. The present manual is intended for use in oil refineries, chemical plants, gas plants, in marketing installations, in onsh
35、ore exploration and production facilities and new ventures. It is to be used in conjunction withother DEP publicationscoveringthe specific requirements of various types of civil engineering structures, such as concrete and steel structures, control buildings, stacks, drainage, etc. This manual is su
36、pplementary to the following DEPs: DEP 34.11.00.10-Gen.Site Investigations DEP 34.11.00.11-Gen.Site preparation and earthworks DEP 34.13.20.31-Gen.Roads, paving, surfacing, slope protection and fencing DEP 34.19.20.31-Gen.Reinforced concrete foundations and structures Unless otherwise authorized by
37、SIPM, the distributionof this manual is confined to companies forming part of or managed by the Royal Dutch/Shell Group and, in consultation with the principal, to dedicated contractors nominated by those Companies. As a rule the requirements of this manual shall be observed. However national and/or
38、 local regulations may exist under which certain requirements are more stringent. The contractor shall determine by careful scrutiny which of the requirements are more stringent. In all cases, the contractor shall inform the principal of any deviation from the requirements of this manual which is co
39、nsidered to be necessary in order to comply with the national or local regulations. The specifications given in this manual are based on a generally accepted approach to the geotechnicalproblems thatareencounteredinthedesignand implementationof foundations, jetties, earthworks, retaining structures,
40、 etc. On the basis of geotechnical expertise and local experience, the contractor may propose deviations from the requirements laid down in this manual. Any deviation will be subject to approval by the principal. Some methods used by SIPM to evaluate designs and proposals from a contractor are set o
41、ut in the appendices to this manual. All publications referred to in this manual are listed in (10.). Where cross references are made, the number of the section or sub-section referred to is shown in brackets. DDD 34.11.00.12-Gen. April 1987 Page 6 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version 2.DE
42、FINITIONS 2.1GENERAL DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this manual, the following definitions shall hold: SHALL and SHOULD - the word shall is to be understood as mandatory and the word should as strongly recommended to comply with the requirements of this manual. The PRINCIPAL * is the party which ini
43、tiates the project and ultimately pays for its design and construction. The principal will generally specify the technical requirements. The principal may also include an agent or consultant, authorized to act for the principal. The CONTRACTOR is the party which carries out all or part of the design
44、, engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning for the project. The principal may sometimes undertake all or part of the duties of the contractor. *For Group operating companies having a service agreement with SIPM or SICM, the term principal shall be taken as referring to SIPM - MFE/3.
45、2.2TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this specification, the following technical definitions shall hold: The FOUNDATION is the part of the structure in direct contact with, and transmitting loads to, the ground. The SUPERSTRUCTURE is the total structure excluding the foundation or pile consid
46、ered. The ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY or ULTIMATE TENSION CAPACITY for a particular foundation or pile is the load at which the maximum resistance of the ground is mobilized. The DESIGN LOAD is the maximum load to be transferred by the foundation or pile, according to the design of its superstructure,
47、 see (3.4). The WORKING LOAD follows from one of the next three definitions: 1)In the case of vertical compression load, the working load equals the design load plus the (submerged) own weight of the foundation or pile. 2)In the case of vertical tension load, the working load equals the design load
48、minus the (submerged) own weight of the foundation or pile. 3)In the case of horizontal loading, the working load equals the design load. The ALLOWABLE LOAD for a particular foundation or pile is the maximum allowable working load taking into account the specified safety factor with regard to the ul
49、timate bearing capacity (or tension capacity), the amount and type of deformation expected and the amount and type of deformation that can be tolerated by the superstructure. ROCK and CEMENTED SOILS mainly consist of natural aggregate of mineral particles connected by strong and permanent cohesive forces. SOIL mainly consists of sediments or other accumulations of solid particles produced by weathering of rock, and which may or may not contain organic matter. CPT