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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD IEC/TS 62257-7:2008 Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification Part 7: Generators ICS 27.160; 27.180 ? Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI DD IEC/TS 62257-7:2008 This Draft fo
2、r Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2008 BSI 2008 ISBN 978 0 580 58519 7 National foreword This Draft for Development is the UK implementation of IEC/TS 62257-7:2008. This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. I
3、t is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application can be obtained. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are reque
4、sted so that UK experience can be reported to the international organization responsible for its conversion to an international standard. A review of this publication will be initiated not later than three years after its publication by the international organization so that a decision can be taken
5、on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into an internati
6、onal Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technica
7、l Committee GEL/82, Solar photovoltaic energy systems. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Amendm
8、ents/corrigenda issued since publication DateComments Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI IEC/TS 62257-7 Edition 1.0 2008-04 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification Part 7:
9、Generators DD IEC/TS 62257-7:2008 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.3 1 Scope.4 2 Normative References4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 General 6 5 Generator boundaries.6 6 Generators requirements7 6.1 General requirements7
10、6.2 Specific requirements for the different technologies.7 6.2.1 Input requirements 7 6.2.2 Output requirements9 6.2.3 Specific requirements for different generator technologies.9 7 Generator design and sizing.10 8 Hybrid generation.10 Bibliography11 Figure 1 General electrical configuration of a co
11、llective electrification system6 Table 1 General inputs and outputs to be considered for generator specification .7 Table 2 Input requirements relative to the generator technology 7 Table 3 Output requirements relative to the generator technology9 Table 4 Specific generators requirements considered
12、in the IEC 62257 series.10 DD IEC/TS 62257-7:2008 2 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI INTRODUCTION The IEC 62257 series of documents intends to provide to different players involved in rural electrification projects (such as project implemente
13、rs, project contractors, project supervisors, installers, etc.) documents for the setting-up of renewable energy and hybrid systems with a.c. voltage below 500 V, d.c. voltage below 750 V and power below 100 kVA. These documents are recommendations to choose the right system for the right place; to
14、design the system; to operate and maintain the system. These documents are focused only on rural electrification, concentrating on but not specific to, developing countries. They must not be considered as all-inclusive to rural electrification. The documents try to promote the use of renewable energ
15、ies in rural electrification; they do not deal with clean development mechanisms at this time (CO2 emission, carbon credit, etc.). Further developments in this field could be introduced in future steps. This consistent set of documents is best considered as a whole with different parts corresponding
16、 to items for safety, sustainability of systems and at the lowest life-cycle cost as possible. One of the main objectives is to provide the minimum sufficient requirements, relevant to the field of application, that is, small renewable energy and hybrid off-grid systems. The purpose of this part of
17、IEC 62257 is to provide project implementers with general information about generators and to highlight the main characteristics relative to the different technologies that can be used. DD IEC/TS 62257-7:2008 3 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BS
18、I RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SMALL RENEWABLE ENERGY AND HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION Part 7: Generators 1 Scope The purpose of this part of IEC 62257 is to specify the general requirements for generators (maximum power = 100 kVA) in decentralized rural electrification systems. The aim is to poi
19、nt out the main items that must be considered when selecting, sizing, installing, operating and maintaining this equipment. This technical specification is a general introduction followed by more specific documents dedicated to the generation technologies which are the most currently used in rural e
20、lectrification projects. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. I
21、EC/TS 62257-2:2004, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification Part 2: From requirements to a range of electrification systems IEC/TS 62257-4, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification Part 4: System selection
22、 and design IEC/TS 62257-5, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification Part 5: Protection against electric hazards IEC/TS 62257-7-1, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification Part 7-1: Generators Photovoltaic
23、arrays IEC/TS 62257-7-3, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification Part 7-3: Generating set Selection of generating sets for rural electrification systems IEC/TS 62257-9-11, Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrif
24、ication Part 9-1: Micropower systems 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. _ 1 To be published. DD IEC/TS 62257-7:2008 4 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3.1 generator apparatus
25、that converts one form of energy into electricity IEC 61836, 3.3.25, modified 3.2 dispatchable power system power system where delivered electricity is available as scheduled (ex: a fossil-fuelled engine-powered generator is dispatchable. A renewable energy generator is usually a non dispatchable po
26、wer system) IEC 61836, 3.3.64, modified 3.3 non-dispatchable power system non-dispatchable system is resource dependent; power might not be available at a specified time 3.4 collective electrification system small electric generating system and minigrid that supplies electricity to multiple consumpt
27、ion points from a single or multiple energy sources IEC 61836, 3.3.10 3.5 individual electrification system small electric generating system that supplies electricity to one consumption point, such as a household, usually from a single energy source IEC 61836, 3.3.32 3.6 interface boundary between t
28、wo systems or the equipment facilitating the interconnection of two systems 3.7 genset colloquial term meaning “engine-generator set” consisting of a fossil-fuelled engine coupled to an electric generator IEC 61836, 3.3.26 3.8 microgrid grid that operates at less than 100 kVA of capacity and is elec
29、trified by a micropower system 3.9 micropower system generating system that produces less than 100 kVA through the use of a single source or a multi-source system 3.10 user installation electrical installation located in the users house, powering the users appliances and connected to the interface w
30、ith the microgrid DD IEC/TS 62257-7:2008 5 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 General In an electrification system, a generator is a part of the energy production subsystem. Different architectures of energy production subsystems are provided
31、 in IEC/TS 62257-2 along with some recommendations for selecting the relevant energy production subsystems matching both sources and demand requirements. (IEC/TS 62257-2, Annex D). An energy production subsystem may include one or several generators of the same technology or of different technologie
32、s (hybrid production). Recommendations to configure hybrid power systems are provided in IEC/TS 62257-9-1. According to the availability of the primary resource, the generators can be classified as dispatchable or non-dispatchable. 5 Generator boundaries Figure 1 illustrates the position of the gene
33、rator in an electrification system. Loads User interface Users installations Microgrid Energy production subsystem Micropower system Distribution subsystem Demand subsystem Electrification system Generators Other equipment Loads Loads IEC 443/08 Figure 1 General electrical configuration of a collect
34、ive electrification system NOTE 1 As explained in IEC/TS 62257-4, a collective electrification systems is composed of 3 parts as shown in Figure 1; an Individual Electrification System does not include a distribution subsystem, but could be powered by a micropower system. NOTE 2 Micropower systems a
35、re addressed in IEC/TS 62257-9-1. The generator embodies everything needed to produce electric power corresponding to the necessary characteristics of voltage, frequency, harmonics, power and consumption of the customers, according to the needed quality of service. In the IEC 62257-7 series, “genera
36、tor” means “installed generator”. Are included in a generator: The generator itself, able to produce electricity from a primary source of energy (sun, wind, fuel, water). The associated internal control devices. The associated protective devices. The associated connecting devices with other equipmen
37、t of the micro power system (busbars, etc.). The necessary infrastructure and civil engineering. DD IEC/TS 62257-7:2008 6 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 6 Generators requirements 6.1 General requirements When defining the generator characte
38、ristics the following “inputs” and “outputs” shall be taken into consideration as indicated in Table 1: Table 1 General inputs and outputs to be considered for generator specification Input requirements (constraints) Generator characteristics Output requirements (results) Technology Primary energy r
39、esources (sun, wind, water flow/head, fuel) Size Weight Electrical performances (voltage, current, power, frequency) Volume Protection Environmental conditions (air pressure/humidity/ temperature) Housing Safety (people, equipment) Civil engineering Maintenance requirements Signals (start/stop, sync
40、hronization) Internal control Environmental impacts (exhaust, heat, noise) Regulations / Standards Assessment of energy demand Assessment of energy quality requirements 6.2 Specific requirements for the different technologies 6.2.1 Input requirements Table 2 gives examples of issues that have to be
41、addressed concerning the site characteristics in order to assess whether the generator is relevant to the requirements of the General Specification. Table 2 Input requirements relative to the generator technology Issues to be addressed Input requirements (constraints) PV array Wind turbine Genset Mi
42、cro hydro turbine Resource availability Only during daylight and variable according to the season High short-term variability; seasonality and extreme conditions (storm) Linked to site accessibility and local storage capabilities Day and night availability; seasonality and extreme conditions (overfl
43、ow) Resource assessment Possibility of extrapolation of existing data concerning a neighbouring area Extrapolation of existing data requires the use of dedicated software and a thorough assessment of the site configuration Easy evaluation of sourcing and of possibility of transportation and recyclin
44、g drums In most cases, no existing data available; on site measurement of flow and observation of seasonal variations DD IEC/TS 62257-7:2008 7 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 20/10/2008 09:12, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Table 2 (continued) Issues to be addressed Input requirements (con
45、straints) PV array Wind turbine Genset Micro hydro turbine Resource level Production of a given array could vary by a factor of 4 depending on site solar irradiation and temperature characteristics A minimum wind speed is required to start production Production is strongly dependant on wind resource
46、, theoretically on a cubic law Specific consumption (l/kWh) varies with load factor and altitude A minimum water flow or head is required Possibility to install the generator as close as possible to the energy utilisation Yes, if room available Not always practical The wind resource is dependant on
47、the location In a few cases small wind turbines can be installed directly on roofs Consider also noise problems Yes; but see environmental impact Consider also noise problems Not always practical The location is dependant on the water resource Room availability for installing the generator The ratio
48、 surface / power installed is high for PV arrays compared to other generator Small PV array can be installed directly on roofs Space for setting up include the stays installation and possibility to lay down the turbine for maintenance The ratio surface / power is the smallest Additional space for fu
49、el storage is needed The infrastructure is very dependant of the technology and of the necessary head Site characteristics to be considered Shadowing Roughness, obstacles, etc. Accessibility for fuel transportation Accessibility to the water resource Civil engineering constraint level Low to medium, depending on the configuration of the ground, the consistency of the soil,