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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD CEN/TS 15296:2006 Solid Biofuels Calculation of analyses to different bases ICS 75.160.10 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:49 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI DD CEN/TS 15296:2006 This Draft for Developme
2、nt was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 April 2006 BSI 2006 ISBN 0 580 48223 5 National foreword This Draft for Development is the official English language version of CEN/TS 15296:2006. This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. I
3、t is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature because the Technical Committee need some time to collect the data in this relatively new area of technology. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its
4、 practical application may be obtained. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European standard. A review of this publication will be initiated 2 years after its
5、 publication by the European organization so that a decision can be taken on its status at the end of its 3-year life. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the revi
6、ew period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into a European Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of BSI Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels, at British Stan
7、dards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, giving the document reference and clause number and proposing, where possible, an appropriate revision of the text. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British S
8、tandards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.
9、This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TS title page, pages 2 to 9 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice di
10、splayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:49 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATI
11、ON TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15296 March 2006 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid Biofuels - Calculation of analyses to different bases Biocombustibles solides - Calcul des analyses selon diffrentes bases Feste Biobrennstoffe - Analysenberechnung auf unterschiedliche Bezugsbasen This
12、 Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 22 November 2005 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CE
13、N/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in par
14、allel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Li
15、thuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2
16、006 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15296:2006: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:49 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 Contents Page Foreword
17、3 Introduction.4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references5 3 Symbols5 4 Principle5 5 Calculations for solid biofuels analyses.6 Bibliography9 CEN/TS 15296:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:49 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 Foreword
18、 This Technical Specification (CEN/TS 15296:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce th
19、is Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
20、Kingdom. CEN/TS 15296:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:49 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 Introduction In the CEN Technical Specifications covering the analysis of solid biofuels it is general specified that the determinati
21、on should be carried out on the air-dried (moist) general analysis test sample, prepared according to CEN/TS 14780. However, in making use of these analyses, it is necessary to express the results on dry basis and sometimes also on some other basis. The bases in common use for solid biofuels are “ai
22、r-dried” (sometimes stated as “as determined”), “as received” (sometimes stated “as sampled” or “as delivered”), “dry” and “dry, ash free”. CEN/TS 15296:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:49 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 5 1
23、Scope This Technical Specification gives formulae, which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to be expressed on the various different bases in common use. Consideration is given to corrections that may be applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation
24、 to other bases. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CEN/TS 14
25、774, Parts 1-3, Solid biofuels Methods for the determination of moisture content Oven dry method CEN/TS 14775, Solid biofuels Methods for the determination of ash content CEN/TS 14918, Solid Biofuels Methods for the determination of calorific value. CEN/TS 15104, Solid biofuels Determination of tota
26、l content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen Instrumental methods prCEN/TS 15289, Solid biofuels Determination of total content of sulphur and chlorine 3 Symbols The symbols employed in the subsequent clauses are as follows, with the suffixes “ad“ (air-dried), “ar“ (as received), “d“ (dry), “daf“ (dry
27、, ash free) where appropriate: A ash (percentage by mass) according to CEN/TS 14775 C total carbon content (percentage by mass) according to CEN/TS 15104 Cl total chlorine content (percent age by mass) according to prCEN/TS 15289 qp,net net calorific value at constant pressure (J/g) according to CEN
28、/TS 14918 H total hydrogen content (percentage by mass) according to CEN/TS 15104 M moisture content (percentage by mass) according to CEN/TS 14774 N total nitrogen content (percentage by mass) according to CEN/TS 15104 O total oxygen content (percentage by mass) S total sulphur content (percentage
29、by mass) according to prCEN/TS 15289 4 Principle In order to convert an analytical result expressed on one basis to another basis, it is multiplied by the appropriate formula (see Table 1) after insertion of the requisite numerical values. CEN/TS 15296:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank Universit
30、y, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:49 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 6 5 Calculations for solid biofuels analyses 5.1 General Most analytical values on a particular basis may be converted to any other basis by multiplying it by the appropriate formula given in Table 1, aft
31、er insertion of the numerical values for the symbols. However, for some parameters there is a direct involvement of the moisture content. In these cases a correction as specified in 5.2 of the air-dried result shall be carried out before calculation to dry basis or dry, ash free basis. Also if a res
32、ult for these parameters expressed on a dry or a dry, ash free basis is to be recalculated to a moist basis, the corrections stated in 5.2 shall be added back to the actual moist basis after applying the appropriate formula from the table. 5.2 Extra calculations for hydrogen, oxygen and net calorifi
33、c value 5.2.1 Hydrogen The hydrogen content determined on the air-dried basis (Had, as analysed) includes both the hydrogen content of the combustible part of the solid biofuel as well as the hydrogen present in the sample as moisture (total hydrogen content). Before calculation to any other basis t
34、he determined hydrogen content, Had, shall be corrected of the moisture bound hydrogen by calculation to dry basis, Hd: )100( 100 )937. 8/( ad add M MHH = ad (1) This hydrogen content, related to the combustible part of the solid biofuel, may be converted to any other basis using the formulas in Tab
35、le 1. 5.2.2 Oxygen The oxygen content related to the combustible part of the solid biofuel can be calculated by difference on the dry basis using the formula: ddddddd 100AClSNHCO= (2) NOTE If high precision is required, the values of Sd and Cld should be corrected for eventual remaining contents of
36、sulphur and chlorine in the ash (Ad). 5.2.3 Net calorific value The net calorific value at constant pressure reported on the as received basis (q,p,net,ar ) includes a correction for the heat of vaporization for the actual water content: ardnet,p,arnet,p, 43,24 100 100 M M qq = (3) The conversion to
37、 dry basis can be calculated using the following formula: ar ar M Mqq += 100 100 )43,24( arnet,p,dnet,p, (4) Conversion to any other moisture basis (M) can be calculated using formula (5): CEN/TS 15296:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:4
38、9 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 7 M M qq =43,24 100 100 dnet,p,mnet,p, (5) where on the dry basis, M= 0; on the air-dry basis, ad MM =; and on the as received (as sampled, as received or as fired) basis ar MM = Conversion of dnet,p, qto dry, and ash-free basis can be calculated using th
39、e formulae in Table 1: = dnet,p,dafnet,p, qq d A100 100 (6) or vice versa dry, and ash-free to dry basis: = dafnet,p,dnet,p, qq 100 d A100 5.3 General formulae for the calculation to other bases After applying eventual corrections according to 5.2, analytical values on a particular basis may be conv
40、erted to any other basis by multiplying it by the appropriate formula given in Table 1, after insertion of the numerical values for the symbols. CEN/TS 15296:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:49 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
41、 8 Table 1 Formulae for calculation of results to different bases Wanted As analysed (air dried) As receiveda Dry Dry, ash free Given (ad) (ar) (d) (daf) As analysed (air dried, ad) ad ar 100 100 M M ad 100 100 M )(100 100 adad AM+ As received (ar) ar ad 100 100 M M ar 100 100 M )(100 100 arar AM+ D
42、ry (d) 100 100 ad M 100 100 ar M d 100 100 A Dry, ash free (daf) 100 )(100 adad AM+ 100 )(100 arar AM+ 100 100 d A a Note that the formulae given for calculating results to the “as received“ basis may be used to calculate them to any other moisture bases. CEN/TS 15296:2006 Licensed Copy: London Sout
43、h Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:49 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 9 Bibliography 1 CEN/TS 14780, Solid biofuels Methods for sample preparation CEN/TS 15296:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:4
44、9 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI DD CEN/TS 15296:2006 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL BSI British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level
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