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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD CEN/TS 15414-1:2006 Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method Part 1: Determination of total moisture by a reference method ICS 75.160.10 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:47
2、GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI DD CEN/TS 15414-1:2006 This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2006 BSI 2006 ISBN 0 580 49551 5 National foreword This Draft for Development was published by BSI. It is the U
3、K implementation of CEN/TS 15414-1:2006. This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its prac
4、tical application can be obtained. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European standard. A review of this publication will be initiated not later than 3 years
5、 after its publication by the European organization so that a decision can be taken on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the respo
6、nsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into a European Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, Lo
7、ndon W4 4AL. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels. A list of organizations represented on PTI/17 can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users
8、are responsible for its correct application. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE S
9、PEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15414-1 October 2006 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method - Part 1: Determination of total moisture by a reference method Combustibles solides de rcupration - Dtermination de lhumidit par la mthode de sc
10、hage ltuve - Partie 1: Dtermination de lhumidit totale par une mthode de rfrence Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Wassergehaltes unter Verwendung des Verfahrens der Ofentrocknung - Teil 1: Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Gesamtwasser mittels Referenzverfahren This Technical Specification (CEN/TS
11、) was approved by CEN on 25 March 2006 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a Europe
12、an Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the fina
13、l decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherl
14、ands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 CENAll rights of exploitation i
15、n any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15414-1:2006: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 Contents Page Foreword3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative reference
16、s4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Principle4 5 Apparatus .4 6 Sampling and sample preparation.5 7 Procedure .5 8 Calculation6 9 Precision.7 10 Test report7 Bibliography8 CEN/TS 15414-1:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:47 GMT+00:00 2006, U
17、ncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 15414-1:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. CEN/TS 15414 “Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method“ consists of
18、three parts: Part 1: Determination of total moisture by a reference method Part 2: Determination of total moisture by a simplified method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are
19、 bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Sw
20、itzerland and the United Kingdom. CEN/TS 15414-1:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 1 Scope This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of
21、 solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels. NOTE 1 The total moisture content of solid recovered fuels is not an absolute value and there
22、fore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations. NOTE 2 The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (e
23、xtractives) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying. NOTE 3 This Technical Specification is based on CEN/TS 14774-1 1. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this Technical Specification. For dated references, o
24、nly the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CEN/TS 15357:2006, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions prCEN/TS 15442, Solid recovered fuels Methods for sampling prCEN/TS 15443, Solid
25、 recovered fuels Methods for laboratory sample preparation 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 15357:2006 apply. 4 Principle The sample of recovered fuel is dried at a temperature of 105 C in air atmosphere until constan
26、t mass is reached. The percentage of moisture is calculated from the loss in mass of the sample. The method includes a procedure for the correction of buoyancy effects. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Drying oven, capable of being controlled at (105 2) C (see declaration of the manufacturer) and in which the air at
27、mosphere changes between three and five times per hour. The air velocity should be such that the sample particles are not dislodged from their dish or tray (5.2). 5.2 Dishes or trays, of non-corrodible and heat-resistant material and of such dimensions that they are able to hold the total sample in
28、the proportion of about 1 g of sample per 1 cm2 of surface area of the dish or tray respectively of about 0,5 g/ cm2 for samples with very low bulk density of less than 100 kg/m3. The surface of the dish or tray shall be such that the possibility to adsorption/absorption is minimised (very clean and
29、 even surface). 5.3 Balance, with a sufficient accuracy to enable the sample and dish or tray (5.2), as received, to be weighed to the nearest 0,1 g. CEN/TS 15414-1:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy,
30、(c) BSI 5 6 Sampling and sample preparation 6.1 The sample shall be taken and prepared in accordance with prCEN/TS 15442 and prCEN/TS 15443. It shall be delivered into the laboratory in sealed water resistant and airtight containers or bags. NOTE Precautions should be carried out to ensure not loosi
31、ng moisture during preparation of the sample. Coarse materials, for example, small wood and chunk wood, should be prepared by using equipment appropriate for the fuel type, e.g. slow rotation grinder, shredder, to a thickness of maximum 30 mm for the test material. 6.2 The sample shall be weighed im
32、mediately after the sample preparation. The sample mass shall be at least 300 g but preferably greater than 500 g. NOTE 1 Solid recovered fuels are heterogeneous materials in many cases. Therefore, a sample size of minimum 300 g is necessary to obtain representative test portions. NOTE 2 For large p
33、article size samples with a nominal top size of 100 mm, a sample mass of 1 kg to 2 kg should be preferred. 6.3 During the course of its preparation, the sample may be pre-dried (see prCEN/TS 15443; in this case the total moisture content shall be calculated according to Equation (2) (see 8.2). 7 Pro
34、cedure 7.1 Weigh an empty clean dish or tray (5.2) to the nearest 0,1 g, transfer the sample from the container or bag to the dish or tray and spread the sample evenly, allowing about 1 g of sample to 100 mm2 of surface area of the dish or tray respectively of about 0,5 g of sample per 100 mm2 in th
35、e case that the bulk density of the sample is less than 100 kg/m3. Weigh an identical empty clean dish or tray (reference dish respectively tray) to the nearest 0,1 g. In case of moisture left on the inner surfaces of the bag or container, this amount of moisture shall be included in the calculation
36、 of the moisture content. Dry the sample packing (container, bag etc.) in the drying oven (5.1) and weigh the packing before and after drying. If the packing material cannot resist a temperature of 105 C, it shall be allowed to dry at room temperature by placing it open in the laboratory. NOTE 1 A r
37、eference dish respectively reference tray is included in the procedure for a correction of buoyancy. To avoid absorption of moisture from the atmosphere, the dish or tray (5.2) with the dried sample is reweighed when still hot. The mass of a dish or tray when still hot is, due to buoyancy, less than
38、 the mass of the cold dish or tray. The magnitude of the buoyancy effect depends on the size and the mass of the dish or tray. NOTE 2 Several dishes or trays can be handled at the same time. 7.2 Weigh the dish or tray (5.2) together with the sample. Place the loaded dish or tray together with the re
39、ference tray in the drying oven (5.1) controlled at (105 2) C. Heat the dish or tray (5.2) until constant mass is reached as specified in 7.3. Do not overload the drying oven (5.1). NOTE There should be enough empty room over the sample layer and also between the dishes or trays. WARNING For some ma
40、terials present in solid recovered fuels there can be a risk of self-ignition when drying at 105 C. 7.3 Solid recovered fuels are hygroscopic and therefore the loaded dish or tray (5.2) together with the reference dish or tray shall be re-weighed to the nearest 0,1 g when still hot within 10 s to 15
41、 s to avoid absorption of moisture. Use heat-insulating material on the balance pan to protect it from direct contact with the hot dish/tray. Constancy in mass is defined as a change not exceeding 0,2 % of the total loss in mass during a further period of heating at (105 2) C over a period of 60 min
42、. The drying time required depends on the particle size of the sample, the rate of atmosphere change in the drying oven (5.1), the thickness of the sample layer etc. CEN/TS 15414-1:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Unc
43、ontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 6 NOTE 1 Generally the drying time should not exceed 24 h to prevent unnecessary losses of volatile compounds. NOTE 2 The required drying time should be determined in pre-tests on similar fuel types with comparable particle size. 8 Calculation 8.1 General The total moisture c
44、ontent shall be calculated on a wet basis according to Equation (1) as given in 8.2. The relationship between total moisture on a wet basis to that on a dry basis is given in the Equations (3) and (4) (see 8.3). The test result shall be reported related on a wet or dry basis according to Clause 10.
45、8.2 Moisture content on wet basis The moisture content, Mar, in the solid recovered fuel, as received, expressed as a percentage by mass, shall be calculated using Equation (1): 100 )( )() 12 65432 ar +( = mm mmmmm M (1) where m1 is the mass of the empty dish or tray (5.2), in grams; m2 is the mass
46、of the loaded dish or tray (5.2) before drying, in grams; m3 is the mass of the loaded dish or tray (5.2) after drying, in grams; m4 is the mass of the reference dish or tray (5.2) before drying (mass at room temperature), in grams; m5 is the mass of the reference dish or tray (5.2) after drying (ma
47、ss when still hot), in grams; m6 is the mass of moisture associated with the packing, in grams. The test result shall be calculated to two decimal places and rounded to the nearest 0,1 % for reporting. If the sample has been pre-dried before this moisture determination (according to 6.3), the total
48、moisture, MT, expressed as a percentage by mass, is given by Equation (2): += 100 1 p rpT M MMM (2) CEN/TS 15414-1:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:43:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 7 where Mp is the loss of moisture caused
49、by pre-drying of the original sample, in percent by mass; Mr is the residual moisture determined in the pre-dried sample by this procedure, in percent by mass. 8.3 Moisture content on dry basis The relation between moisture on dry basis, Ud, or wet basis, Mar, expressed as a percentage by mass, shall be calculated using the Equations (3) and (4): 100 100 ar ar d = M M U (3) 100 100 d d ar + = U U M (4) 9 Precision Because of the varyi