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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD CEN/TS 14405:2004 Characterization of waste Leaching behaviour tests Up-flow percolation test (under specified conditions) ICS 13.030.10 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 13:30:29 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BS
2、I DD CEN/TS 14405:2004 This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 13 July 2004 BSI 13 July 2004 ISBN 0 580 44052 4 National foreword This Draft for Development is the official English language version of CEN/TS 14405:2004. This publ
3、ication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application may be obtained. Comments arisin
4、g from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European Standard. A review of this publication will be initiated 2 years after its publication by the European organization so that a dec
5、ision can be taken on its status at the end of its 3-year life. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide wh
6、ether to support the conversion into a European Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of BSI Technical Subcommittee B/508/3, Waste characterisation, at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London
7、 W4 4AL, giving the document reference and clause number and proposing, where possible, an appropriate revision of the text. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or E
8、uropean publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. Summary of pages This document comprises a
9、front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TS title page, pages 2 to 25 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London So
10、uth Bank University, Sun Dec 10 13:30:29 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 14405 June 2004 ICS 13.030.10 English version Characterization of waste - Leaching behaviour tests - Up-flow percolation test (under spec
11、ified conditions) Caractrisation des dchets - Essais de comportement la lixiviation - Essai de percolation coulement ascendant (dans des conditions spcifies) Charakterisierung von Abfllen - Auslaugungsverhalten - Perkolationsprfung im Aufwrtsstrom (unter festgelegten Bedingungen) This Technical Spec
12、ification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 24 March 2004 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be conver
13、ted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/T
14、S) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembour
15、g, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2004 CENAll rights of exploi
16、tation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 14405:2004: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 13:30:29 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN/TS 14405:2004 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword3 Int
17、roduction.4 1Scope4 2Normative references4 3Terms and definitions.5 4Principle6 5Equipment and reagents.6 5.1General6 6Sample pre-treatment7 6.1General7 6.2Sample preparation.7 6.3Test portion .8 6.4Determination of dry residue.9 7Procedure.9 7.1Temperature9 7.2Preparation9 7.3Packing of the column.
18、9 7.4Start-up of the test.11 7.5Collection of additional eluate fractions 12 7.6Further preparation of the eluates for analysis .13 7.7Blank test.14 8Calculations .14 9Test report15 10Test performance.16 Annex A (informative) Illustration of the column and accompanying equipment17 Annex B (informati
19、ve) Suggestions for packing the column, water saturation and establishment and checking of equilibrium conditions .18 B.1General.18 B.2Guidelines on column filling and packing.18 B.3Water saturation .18 B.4Equilibration and checking of equilibrium conditions19 Annex C (informative) Background for th
20、e choices made in developing this percolation test21 C.1Introduction.21 C.2Particle size/particle size distribution22 C.3Column dimensions22 C.4Flow mode (up-flow/down-flow)22 C.5Flow rate of the leachant22 C.6L/S ratio and eluate fractions collected/duration of the test .23 C.7Nature of the leachan
21、t 23 C.8Temperature.24 D.9Beneficial use of the test results.24 Bibliography25 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 13:30:29 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN/TS 14405:2004 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 14405:2004) has been prepare
22、d by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterisation of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This Technical Specification has been developed primarily to support the requirements for leaching behaviour testing within EU and EFTA countries. This Technical Specification was elaborated on
23、the basis of: NEN 7343:1995 NT ENVIR 002:1995 This Technical Specification specifies an up-flow percolation test to determine the leaching behaviour of granular waste materials under standardized percolation conditions. Another Technical Specification will be produced to specify a percolation test f
24、or simulating conditions of specific scenarios. For a more complete characterization of the leaching behaviour of waste under specified conditions the application of other test methods is required (see ENV 12920). For informative references see the Bibliography. The annexes A, B and C are informativ
25、e. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, La
26、tvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 13:30:29 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN/TS 14405:2004 (E)
27、 4 Introduction In various European countries tests have been developed to characterize and assess the constituents that can be released from waste materials. The release of soluble constituents upon contact with water is regarded as a main mechanism of release, which results in a potential risk to
28、the environment during the re-use or disposal of waste materials. These tests are intended to identify the leaching properties of waste materials. The complexity of the leaching process makes simplifications necessary. Not all of the relevant aspects of leaching behaviour can be addressed in one sta
29、ndard. Tests to characterize the behaviour of waste materials can be divided into three categories. The relationships between these tests are summarized below: “Basic characterization“ tests are used to obtain information on the short and long term leaching behaviour and characteristic properties of
30、 waste materials. Liquid/solid (L/S) ratios, leachant composition, factors controlling leachability such as pH, redox potential, complexing capacity, ageing of waste and physical parameters are addressed in these tests. “Compliance“ tests are used to determine whether the waste complies with a speci
31、fic behaviour or with specific reference values. The tests focus on key variables and leaching behaviour previously identified by basic characterization tests. “On-site verification“ tests are used as a rapid check to confirm that the waste is the same as which has been subjected to the compliance t
32、est(s). On-site verification tests are not necessarily leaching tests. The test procedure described in this method belongs to category (1): basic characterization tests. 1 Scope This Technical Specification is applicable to determine the leaching behaviour of inorganic constituents from granular was
33、te (without or with size reduction (see 6.2). The waste body is subjected to percolation with water as a function of liquid to solid ratio under specified percolation conditions. The waste is leached under hydraulically dynamic conditions. The method is a once-through column leaching test and the te
34、st results establish the distinction between different release patterns, for instance wash-out and release under the influence of interaction with the matrix, when approaching local equilibrium between waste and leachant. NOTE 1 The mentioned specified percolation conditions are arbitrary and are no
35、t simulating a specific scenario. NOTE 2 Waste materials that show a saturated hydraulic conductivity between 10-7 m/s and 10-8 m/s can be subjected to this test, but it can be difficult to maintain the imposed flow rate. If a waste shows a saturated hydraulic conductivity below 10-8 m/s, the test s
36、hould not be carried out. (See C.5 for a definition of hydraulic conductivity.) NOTE 3 This procedure is generally not applicable to biologically degrading materials and materials reacting with the leachant, leading, for example, to excessive gas emission or excessive heat release. NOTE 4 This proce
37、dure is applicable to materials showing solidification in the column, if the final hydraulic conductivity is within the specified range (see NOTE 1). 2 Normative references This Technical Specification incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative re
38、ferences are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this Technical Specification only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated refer
39、ences the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 13:30:29 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN/TS 14405:2004 (E) 5 EN 12506, Characterization of waste Analysis of el
40、uates Determination of pH, As, Ba, Cd, Cl-, Co, Cr, CrVI, Cu, Mo, Ni, NO2-, Pb, total S, SO42-, V and Zn. EN 13370, Characterization of waste Analysis of eluates Determination of Ammonium, AOX, conductivity, Hg, phenol index, TOC, easily liberatable CN-, F-. prEN 14346:2002, Characterization of wast
41、e Calculation of dry matter by determination of dry residue or water content. prEN 14899, Characterisation of Waste - Sampling of waste materials: Framework for the preparation and application of a Sampling. EN ISO 5667-3, Water quality Sampling Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of s
42、amples (ISO 5667-3:2003). 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 dry residue wdr remaining mass fraction in percent of a sample after a drying process at 105 C prEN 14346:2002 3.2 eluate solution obtained by a laborato
43、ry leaching test 3.3 equilibrium condition condition achieved when the pH deviation during a checking period is below a specified value (see 7.4) 3.4 granular waste solid waste that is neither monolithic, liquid, gas nor sludge 3.5 laboratory sample sample or sub sample(s) sent to or received by the
44、 laboratory IUPAC, 1997 3.6 leachant liquid that is brought into contact with the test portion in the leaching procedure 3.7 liquid to solid-ratio L/S ratio between the amount of liquid (L) and of solid (S) in the test NOTEL/S is expressed in l/kg dry matter. 3.8 sample quantity that is representati
45、ve of a certain larger quantity Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Sun Dec 10 13:30:29 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN/TS 14405:2004 (E) 6 3.9 test portion amount or volume of the test sample taken for testing or analysis, usually of known weigh
46、t or volume 3.10 test sample sample, prepared from the laboratory sample, from which test portions are removed for testing or analysis IUPAC, 1997 4 Principle This Technical Specification describes a method to determine the release of constituents from waste, with or without size reduction, packed i
47、n a column with a leachant percolating through it. A continuous vertical up-flow is used, so that the column is water saturated. The test conditions, including the flow rate of the leachant, enable a conclusion to be drawn from the results as to which components are rapidly being washed out and whic
48、h components are released under the influence of interaction with the matrix. The test portion of the waste to be tested is packed in a column in a standardized manner. The leachant is percolated in up-flow through the column at a specified flow rate up to a fixed L/S ratio. The eluate is collected
49、in several separate fractions that are characterized physically and chemically according to existing standard methods. In the test, equilibrium conditions at the outlet of the column are verified after an equilibration period by measuring a pH deviation. The results of the test are expressed as a function of L/S ratio, in terms of both mg of the constituents released per litre of eluate, and mg of the constituents released cumulatively per kg of waste material (dry matter