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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ISO/TS 5658-1:2006 Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 1: Guidance on flame spread ICS 13.220.50 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:50:41 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI DD ISO/TS 5658-1:2006 This Dra
2、ft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2007 BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0 580 50735 9 National foreword This Draft for Development was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of ISO/TS 5658-1:2006. It supersedes BS ISO/TR 5658-1:1997
3、 which is withdrawn. This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application ca
4、n be obtained. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experience can be reported to the international organization responsible for its conversion to an international standard. A review of this publication will be initiated not later than 3 years after it
5、s publication by the international organization so that a decision can be taken on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsib
6、le BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into an international Standard, to extend the life of the Technical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road,
7、London W4 4AL. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee FSH/21, Reaction to fire tests. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of
8、a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:50:41 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Reference number ISO/TS 5658-1:2006(E) TE
9、CHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 5658-1 First edition 2006-10-01 Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 1: Guidance on flame spread Essais de raction au feu Propagation du feu Partie 1: Lignes directrices sur la propagation de la flamme DD ISO/TS 5658-1:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank Univers
10、ity, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:50:41 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:50:41 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Pr
11、inciples of flame spread. 1 3 Characteristics of flame-spread modes . 2 3.1 General. 2 3.2 Horizontal, facing upward 3 3.3 Vertical or inclined 4 3.4 Horizontal, facing downward. 6 4 History of surface spread of flame tests 7 5 Small-scale tests. 9 5.1 Method given in ISO 5658-2. 9 5.2 LIFT method 1
12、0 5.3 Method given in ISO 9239-1. 10 5.4 Method given in ISO 9239-2. 12 6 Intermediate-scale tests. 12 6.1 Corner tests. 12 6.2 Method given in ISO 5658-4. 12 6.3 Method given in ISO/TR 14696:1999. 13 7 Large-scale tests. 14 7.1 Room corner test (ISO 9705) . 14 7.2 Room/corridor scenarios. 17 7.3 Fa
13、ade scenarios 20 7.4 Large-scale vertical flame-spread tests . 20 8 Flame spread within assemblies. 22 9 Flame spread by flaming droplets/particles 24 9.1 Description of flame spread process with flaming droplets/particles 24 9.2 Test methods to characterise flaming droplets/ particles 24 9.3 Typica
14、l fire scenarios involving flaming droplets/ particles 25 Bibliography. 26 DD ISO/TS 5658-1:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:50:41 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardizati
15、on) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be re
16、presented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards
17、are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Internati
18、onal Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document: an ISO Publicly Available Specifica
19、tion (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a
20、 technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting a vote. An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or
21、withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of paten
22、t rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TS 5658-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. This first edition of ISO/TS 5658-1 cancels and replaces ISO/TR 5658-1:1997, which has b
23、een technically revised. ISO 5658 consists of the following parts, under the general title Reaction to fire tests Spread of flames: Part 1: Guidance on flame spread (Technical Specification) Part 2: Lateral spread on building and transport products in vertical configuration Part 4: Intermediate-scal
24、e test of vertical spread of flame with vertically oriented specimens DD ISO/TS 5658-1:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:50:41 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI v Introduction The rate and extent of flame spread are important prope
25、rties to be characterized when evaluating the reaction to fire hazards of products that can be used in diverse applications such as in buildings, transport, furniture, electrical enclosures, etc. Historically, there have been many approaches taken to the measurement of flame spread and most of these
26、 have evolved with little fundamental justification. This Technical Specification describes different modes of flame spread and proposes some theoretical principles to assist with the relevant application of the data obtained from flame spread tests. This guidance document is about flame spread and
27、as such it fits within the scope of ISO/TC 92/SC 1. Flames are a major cause of fires being initiated (usually described as ignitability) and fire growth (usually physically observed as flames spreading from the initial seat of the fire where the ignition source was applied). Also, within the scope
28、of ISO/TC 92/SC 1, it is generally assumed that fire growth applies up to the point of a developed fire after which the fire can spread (for example) from one compartment to another. This concept is usually covered by the scope of ISO/TC 92/SC 2 (fire containment). Many flame-spread tests measure th
29、e rate and extent of the flame front as the flame moves over the surface of a large area, flat products such as linings on walls, ceilings and floors. Usually the orientation of the test specimen is related to the end-use application (for example, exposed face upwards for floor-coverings). This requ
30、irement for end-use relevance is satisfied by ISO 5658-2 and ISO 5658-4 when wall linings are evaluated. Flame spread over construction and transport products is related to the fire scenario. ISO/TC 92/SC 1 have initially concentrated on the development of tests to simulate flame spread in rooms and
31、 along corridors. Other important scenarios where flame spread data are required are faades (both front and behind), shafts, stairs and roofs; much of the theoretical guidance given in this Technical Specification can be applied to these scenarios even though ISO test procedures might not be availab
32、le as of the date of publication of this Technical Specification. Flame spread can also occur over non-planar products (e.g. pipes) and within assemblies (e.g. along joints or inside air-gaps). Whilst this Technical Specification concentrates on the theory pertinent to flat products, some of the the
33、ory outlined can be applied to improve the understanding of these more complex situations. The results of small-scale flame-spread tests (e.g. ISO 5658-2 1 and ISO 9239-1 2) and large-scale tests (e.g. ISO 9705 3) can be used as components in a total hazard analysis of a specified fire scenario. The
34、 theoretical basis of these tests is explained so that relevant conclusions or derivations can be made from the test results. DD ISO/TS 5658-1:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:50:41 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI blank Licensed
35、 Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:50:41 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 1 Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 1: Guidance on flame spread 1 Scope This Technical Specification provides guidance on flame spread tests. It describes the p
36、rinciples of flame spread and classifies different flame-spread mechanisms. 2 Principles of flame spread Flame-spread tests are designed to quantify the flaming process outside of the zone heated by the ignition source (flaming, radiant or overheating) and as such, they help our understanding of how
37、 fire grows away from the initial seat of the fire. This concept is relevant to flame spread within the compartment or cavity where the fire originates (that is, the point/area of fire initiation/ignition). Flame-spread tests differ considerably in the conditions that are specified for characterizat
38、ion of the flame-spread process. These conditions include the following: intensity and area of thermal attack of ignition source; orientation of test specimen (for example, vertical, horizontal and inclined are normally defined); ventilation in the vicinity of the test specimen; mode of flame spread
39、 (see Table 1). Flammability of surfaces is a major concern of many regulations. The primary room surfaces in buildings, for example, are any combustible linings used on the walls or ceilings, along with floor coverings. Similar flame- spread effects can also occur over the surfaces of transport veh
40、icles (such as ships, trains, aircraft and buses). To understand the role of bench-scale tests in assessing this hazard, the dominant fire effects shall be placed in context. The ceiling can show a very rapid fire spread and a high contribution to hazard. The least combustible materials should gener
41、ally be positioned on the ceiling in order to minimize fire hazard. There is not universal agreement on this point and some studies 4 conclude the opposite. For almost any fire scenario, flame spread along the ceiling is wind-aided, which means that the air-flow and the flame spread are both in the
42、same direction. For common fire scenarios, flame spread on walls is upward (wind-aided) in the vicinity of the fire source. In other parts of the walls, the flame spread is downward (opposed-flow), since entrained air is moving upwards, opposite to the direction of flame motion. Much of the wall can
43、, however, be directly ignited by submersion into the layer of hot gases forming below the ceiling. This ignition does not involve a flame-spread process at all, but ceiling flammability directly accelerates it. Generally, flame spread on floors within a room is very limited until later stages of a
44、fire. Flame spread on floors in corridors, however, can be of major concern. This flame spread is usually caused by a room fire impinging on the adjacent corridor and igniting the flooring. There is usually some prevailing air-flow direction DD ISO/TS 5658-1:2006 Licensed Copy: London South Bank Uni
45、versity, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 03:50:41 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 within a corridor. Flame spread can then proceed either in the wind-aided direction, or as opposed flow. Commonly, flame spread in both directions can occur simultaneously on corridor flooring mat
46、erials. In principle, two different bench-scale test methods would be required to represent the two fundamentally different flame-spread processes of wind-aided spread and opposed-flow spread. The flame spread rates are not similar in these two processes. Wind-aided spread tends to be much more rapi
47、d, since a large amount of virgin combustible can be the flame tip, whereas in the opposite direction, the heating of the material is limited to a very small heating zone. Research studies have shown, however, that a test solely dedicated to examining wind-aided spread is not necessary 5. Theory and
48、 experiments both reveal that wind-aided flame spread can often be directly predicted once the heat release rate and the ignitability behaviour of the specimen is established. These would be done in bench- scale by the use of the ISO 5660 method for heat release rate and either ISO 5660-1 6 or ISO 5
49、657 7 for ignitability. Flame spread for the opposed-flow configuration also requires information about the flame flux and the flame heating distance for that geometry 8. In the context of ISO bench-scale test methods, this is the role for the tests described in this part of ISO 5658 and in ISO 5658-2. Thus, while there are two flame-spread modes of concern and while the wind-aided spread is often of dominant concern, there is a need only for two bench- scale flame-s