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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 15686-1:2000 ICS 9
2、1.040.01 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Buildings and constructed assets Service life planning Part 1: General principles Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:51:34 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
3、This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 November 2000 BSI 11-2000 ISBN 0 580 36496 8 BS ISO 15686-1:2000 Amendments issued sinc
4、e publication Amd. No.DateComments National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 15686-1:2000 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/500, Basic data, to Subcommittee B/500/3, Durability, which ha
5、s the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/ European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in
6、 the UK. This part of BS ISO 15686, together with remaining parts of the standard which are currently in course of preparation, will supersede BS 7543:1992, which will be withdrawn on a date to be announced. However the information in annex B of BS 7543:1992 on agents that cause deterioration and an
7、nex C of BS 7543:1992 on examples of premature deterioration will not be included in BS ISO 15686, and consideration is being given to whether this information is retained in a British Standard. This British Standard also supersedes HB 10141:1997 which is withdrawn. A list of organizations represent
8、ed on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled International Standards Correspondenc
9、e Index, or by using the Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself
10、 confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to ix, a blank page, pages 1 to 41 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed throughout this document indicates when the document was last i
11、ssued. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:51:34 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Reference number ISO 15686-1:2000(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15686-1 First edition 2000-09-01 Buildings and constructed assets Service life planning Par
12、t 1: General principles Btiments et biens immobiliers construits Prvision de la dure de vie Partie 1: Principes gnraux Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:51:34 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 15686-1:2000(E) ii Licensed Copy: Londo
13、n South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:51:34 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 15686-1:2000(E) iii Contents Page Forewordv Introductionvi 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions .1 3.1 Service life and performance2 3.2 Degradation and expo
14、sure .2 3.3 Performance.3 3.4 Parts of buildings.4 3.5 Maintenance activities.5 3.6 Acts and actors5 3.7 Other terms.6 4 Abbreviated terms .6 5 Process of service life planning.6 5.1 General6 5.2 Forecasting.7 6 Service life planning: Steps in the design process8 6.1 The brief8 6.2 Conceptual and in
15、itial design.9 6.3 Detailed design 9 6.4 Specification.10 6.5 Environmental characterization.11 6.6 Initial cost estimates .11 6.7 Maintenance plan.11 6.8 Performance requirements and acceptability.12 7 Service life forecasting .15 7.1 Introduction to forecasting.15 7.2 Issues that can affect foreca
16、sting17 7.3 Types of data used for forecasting18 8 Service life prediction based on exposure and performance evaluation19 8.1 Use of predictions based on exposure and performance evaluation19 8.2 Steps in the prediction process.20 9 Factor method for estimating service life .22 9.1 Outline of the fa
17、ctor method.22 9.2 Use of the factor method 23 9.3 Reference service life24 9.4 Modifying factors.25 9.5 Assessment of components and assemblies.26 10 Financial and environmental costs over time.28 10.1 General28 10.2 Life cycle assessment (LCA)28 10.3 Life cycle costing (LCC)28 11 Obsolescence, fle
18、xibility and reuse.29 11.1 Obsolescence.29 11.2 Types of obsolescence .29 11.3 Minimizing obsolescence .30 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:51:34 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 15686-1:2000(E) iv 11.4 Future use of the building.
19、30 11.5 Demolition and reuse 30 Annex A (informative) Typical financial costs of buildings over time (in UK and USA)31 Annex B (informative) Examples of critical property assessment of alternative specifications32 Annex C (informative) Agents affecting the service life of building materials and comp
20、onents .33 Annex D (informative) Examples of requirements.34 Annex E (informative) Method for estimating service life of components using factors to represent agents35 Annex F (informative) Worked examples of factorial estimates.36 Bibliography39 Alphabetical index of terms.41 Licensed Copy: London
21、South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:51:34 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 15686-1:2000(E) v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparin
22、g International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liai
23、son with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft Internationa
24、l Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 15686 m
25、ay be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO 15686-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Building construction, Subcommittee SC 14, Design life. ISO 15686 consists of the following parts, un
26、der the general title Buildings and constructed assets Service life planning: ?Part 1: General principles ?Part 2: Service life prediction procedures ?Part 3: Performance audits and reviews ?Part 4: Data requirements ?Part 5: Life cycle costing Annexes A to F of this part of ISO 15686 are for inform
27、ation only. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:51:34 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 15686-1:2000(E) vi Introduction Service life planning is a design process which seeks to ensure, as far as possible, that the service life of a bu
28、ilding will equal or exceed its design life, while taking into account (and preferably optimizing) the life cycle costs of the building. This part of ISO 15686 provides a methodology for forecasting the service life and estimating the timing of necessary maintenance and replacement of components. It
29、 thereby provides a means of comparing different building options. It also allows for checking that performance is not unacceptably reduced to meet budgetary constraints during design development. This part of ISO 15686 is intended primarily for: ?building owners and users; ?design, construction and
30、 facilities management teams; ?manufacturers who provide data on long-term performance of products; ?maintainers of buildings; ?valuers of buildings; ?insurers of buildings; ?technical auditors of buildings; ?those who develop or draft product standards. It includes an introduction to predictions of
31、 long-term performance based on exposure and performance evaluation and estimates based on applying factors to adjust a reference service life, but it does not deal in detail with forecasts based on demonstrated performance or modelling of performance. However, judgements based on either of these te
32、chniques may provide important inputs to a factored estimate of service life. A major impetus for production of this part of ISO 15686 has been concern over industrys need to forecast and control the cost of building ownership, because a high proportion of the life cycle costs of a building may be s
33、et by the time the building is complete. Where there is a large stock of older buildings, more than half of all construction expenditure is spent on maintenance and refurbishment (see annex A for details of typical maintenance costs in the UK and USA). For countries currently developing their buildi
34、ng stock, the risk is that a similar pattern will occur if long-term performance is not taken into account at the outset. Service life planning aims to reduce the costs of building ownership. An assessment of how long each part of the building will last, helps to decide the appropriate specification
35、 and detailing. When the service life of the building and its parts are estimated, maintenance planning and value engineering techniques can be applied. Reliability and flexibility of use can be increased and the likelihood of obsolescence reduced. Five parts to this International Standard are plann
36、ed, and work on drafting these has commenced. They will provide comprehensive guidance on the forecasting and assurance of the service life of building components and assemblies. Figure 1 shows how each part of ISO 15686 relates to the other parts, and to associated topics and other International St
37、andards. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:51:34 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 15686-1:2000(E) vii Figure 1 Inputs and influences on service life planning of buildings This part of ISO 15686 deals with the general principles, is
38、sues and data needed to forecast service lives, and gives a method of estimating the service life of components or assemblies for use in specific building projects. It can be used as a stand-alone document. Part 2 of ISO 15686 describes a generic methodology for testing the performance over time of
39、components and assemblies to provide a service life prediction. Wherever possible the reference service life used in producing an estimated service life should be derived from service life predictions as described in ISO 15686-2. Some guidance may also be given on values to assign to factors. It is
40、anticipated that materials specialists and test houses who need to interpret or design performance tests will be the major users of ISO 15686-2. Part 3 of ISO 15686 will describe the approach and procedure to be applied to prebriefing, briefing design, construction and, where required, the life care
41、 management and disposal of buildings and constructed assets to provide a reasonable assurance that the measures necessary to achieve performance over time will be implemented. Part 4 of ISO 15686 will describe the range of data requirements that will allow the service life to be determined. Part 5
42、of ISO 15686 will provide guidance on assessment of the life cycle costs of a building. Additional parts are being considered. Figure 2 shows the main topics covered in this part of ISO 15686, and where they are covered. Issues briefly introduced here, such as the calculation of costs over time (see
43、 clause 10), and quality control and reliability of estimates and forecasts (in clause 6), will be developed in later parts of ISO 15686. In the long term it is expected that a consistent application of service life planning will encourage the gathering of useful data and allow the development of co
44、mputer-integrated knowledge systems for building design and maintenance. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:51:34 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 15686-1:2000(E) viii Figure 2 Overview of this part of ISO 15686 Although not dealt w
45、ith in any detail in this part of ISO 15686, the issues of performance of buildings and safety are clearly linked. When assessing future performance, priority should be given to ensuring performance at all times continues to meet national building legislative requirements for safety. It should also
46、be noted that many local building codes already require inaccessible components or assemblies to remain functional throughout the service life of the building. In the European Community, the Construction Products Directive includes a requirement that the “essential requirements“ of construction prod
47、ucts should be retained for an “economically reasonable working life”, if necessary by maintenance. Service life planning can be applied to both new and existing buildings. However, in existing buildings the assessment of components and detailing will apply principally to the residual service life o
48、f items that are already installed. The selection of components and detailing will only apply to repairs and new work. The informative annexes to this part of ISO 15686 are intended to provide supplementary information and to illustrate the use of methods described in the normative clauses. The rang
49、e of climatic conditions and building techniques throughout the world requires that separate factors for service life planning are developed for specific circumstances. It may be necessary to have factors that apply regionally within countries and to modify these figures to take account of locality and micro-climate. NOTE The factor method of forecasting service life is an empirical means of methodically estimating the effect on service life of variables, using the information available. It therefore is not as precise or objective as a predictio