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1、BS ISO 19730:2008 ICS 13.080.10 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BRITISH STANDARD Soil quality Extraction of trace elements from soil using ammonium nitrate solution Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:46, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This
2、British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2009 BSI 2009 ISBN 978 0 580 54932 8 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication DateComments BS ISO 19730:2008 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 197
3、30:2008. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/4, Soil quality. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users
4、are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:46, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 19730:2008 Reference number ISO 19730:2008(E) ISO 2008 INTERNATIONAL STANDA
5、RD ISO 19730 First edition 2008-12-01 Soil quality Extraction of trace elements from soil using ammonium nitrate solution Qualit du sol Extraction des lments traces du sol laide dune solution de nitrate dammonium Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:46, Uncontrolled Copy, (c)
6、BSI BS ISO 19730:2008 ISO 19730:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing
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9、ariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2008 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writin
10、g from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reserved Licensed Co
11、pyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:46, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 19730:2008 ISO 19730:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Principle1 4 Reagents.1 5 Apparatus.2 6 Procedure.2 6.1 Sample preparation.
12、2 6.2 Determining water content.2 6.3 Extraction.3 6.4 Phase separation.3 6.5 Stabilization of extract3 6.6 Blank test3 7 Calculation .3 8 Expression of results4 9 Test report4 Annex A (informative) Information on method of determining selected elements and treatment of particular types of soil5 Ann
13、ex B (informative) Precision6 Annex C (informative) Notes on homogenization, initial sample mass and extraction.8 Bibliography9 Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:46, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 19730:2008 ISO 19730:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reserved Foreword ISO
14、(the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical comm
15、ittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrote
16、chnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the memb
17、er bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifyi
18、ng any or all such patent rights. ISO 19730 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Chemical methods and soil characteristics. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:46, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 19730:2008 ISO 19730:2008(E) ISO 2
19、008 All rights reserved v Introduction 0.1 General The displacement of trace elements in soil cannot be described solely in terms of their solubility in water, since solid and dissolved compounds interact with one another in a large number of processes. Processes that proceed in one direction (e.g.
20、weathering, mineralization) are accompanied by equilibrium reactions between solid and dissolved forms (e.g. adsorption/desorption, precipitation/dissolution). Factors that determine whether substances dissolve include the pH value, the redox potential, the concentration of ions in a soil solution a
21、nd its complexing agent content, all of which result in the soil solution varying with location and time. To be able to compare increases in easily soluble trace element concentrations in soil by a standardized method, soil extraction with ammonium nitrate is used, which is applicable to all those c
22、ompounds of elements in a soil that may contribute to the concentration of dissolved elements under the prevailing site conditions (water-soluble compounds, exchangeably bound ions, readily soluble metal complexes). Extraction with ammonium nitrate solution fulfils the criteria to be satisfied by an
23、 extractant for routine analyses. a) It can be applied to a wide spectrum of soils and elements in a wide concentration range. b) Disposal of the spent ammonium nitrate solution is environmentally friendly. c) The determination of the elements in the solution has low susceptibility to interference.
24、The concentrations of elements in extracts obtained with other unbuffered salt solutions (such as calcium chloride or sodium nitrate solution) often correlate well with those in ammonium nitrate extracts, but the absolute concentrations are different and, at some sites, there may be concentrations d
25、eviating substantially from average values. In addition, critical concentrations may be in the region of the limit of determination in the case of some extraction methods. In conjunction with extraction methods for determining the reserves of elements in soil (e.g. extraction with aqua regia), the p
26、roportions by mass determined by extraction with ammonium nitrate solution can serve as a basis for site investigations and for making recommendations with regard to use and restoration of soil containing critical concentrations of elements. 0.2 Prediction of impact 0.2.1 General The concentrations
27、determined by extraction with ammonium nitrate solution only provide an indication of the effects of trace elements, since it is necessary also to consider numerous site factors and sometimes the amounts of elements present in the soil in order to predict impact. Thus, designations such as “biologic
28、ally available”, “available to plants” or “components capable of migration” are not appropriate. In soil that is sometimes poorly aerated (e.g. water-logged soil), variations in the redox potential need to be considered when assessing the potential of arsenic and manganese to migrate. Licensed CopyC
29、hinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:46, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 19730:2008 ISO 19730:2008(E) vi ISO 2008 All rights reserved 0.2.2 Migration of elements Extraction with ammonium nitrate solution has been found to be a suitable method of assessing easily soluble trace element frac
30、tions of a soil, whose element concentrations should be determined from samples of undisturbed soil taken from adequately distant sites and at different times. Major factors governing the transport of elements via seepage water are: their chemical and physical properties; the thickness of the unsatu
31、rated zone; the distribution of easily soluble elements over the depth of the soil; and the actual speed with which the seepage water travels. The easily soluble trace element fractions in soil vary with time and location. Increased variability can generally be expected with varying soil acidity (e.
32、g. in soil covered by forest vegetation) or hydromorphic modification (e.g. in warp soil), and can also be expected where the amounts of elements in the soil vary (e.g. due to mineralization). This should be considered when designing a sampling programme. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong
33、, 11/04/2009 08:46, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 19730:2008 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19730:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1 Soil quality Extraction of trace elements from soil using ammonium nitrate solution 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method of extracting trace elem
34、ents from soil using a 1 mol/l NH4NO3 solution (see the Introduction). NOTE Information on determining selected elements and treatment of particular types of soil is given in Annex A. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. Fo
35、r dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3696:1987, Water for analytical laboratory use Specification and test methods ISO 11464:1994, Soil quality Pretreatment of samples for phy
36、sico-chemical analyses ISO 11465, Soil quality Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis Gravimetric method 3 Principle The soil sample with particle size 99 %, whose purity has been established in preliminary tests) in water and make the solution up to 1 l with water. As an alte
37、rnative, ready-to-use 1 mol/l high purity ammonium nitrate solution may be used. 4.3 Nitric acid, wHNO3 = 65 %, HNO3 1,4 g/ml. 4.4 Nitric acid, diluted, = 5 %. Dilute 50 ml of nitric acid (4.3) up to 1 l with water. 5 Apparatus The following equipment shall be used. 5.1 Forced-circulation drying ove
38、n, capable of being maintained at a temperature of (30 2) C. 5.2 Pestle and mortar, made of porcelain or sintered corundum. 5.3 Screens, having an aperture size of 2 mm for air-dried samples and of 5 mm to 8 mm for freshly collected samples, and which do not cause contamination by the elements to be
39、 determined. 5.4 Balance, of accuracy 0,01 g. 5.5 Conical test tubes with screw caps, of nominal capacity 50 ml, made of polypropylene (or high density polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxyalkane, or tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer). Before use, check cleanliness o
40、f tubes and caps. If cleaning is necessary, fill the test tubes with dilute nitric acid (4.4) and allow to stand for 24 h, then wash with water and dry. 5.6 End-over-end shaker, capable of (20 2) r/min, placed in a thermostatically controlled room (20 2) C. 5.7 In-line membrane filter, for connectio
41、n with a disposable syringe. Connect an in-line membrane filter of pore size 0,45 m to a disposable syringe with Luer-lock joint. If necessary, clean the membrane filter and the syringe by rinsing with dilute nitric acid (4.4). If colloids are present in the filtrate, use a 0,2 m membrane filter. Hi
42、gh density filter papers can be used if they are tested and proved to be free of the elements to be determined. 5.8 Disposable plastic syringe, of nominal volume 10 ml or 20 ml, with Luer-lock joint. 5.9 Centrifuge, able to centrifuge the test tubes (5.5) at 1 000 g to 3 000 g. 6 Procedure 6.1 Sampl
43、e preparation The soil sample should be pretreated in accordance with ISO 11464. Use the soil fraction with grain size 2 mm. Extract soil samples from organic horizons (having more than 30 % by mass of organic matter, such as bog soil or topsoil and samples from reductomorphic horizons horizons affe
44、cted by backwater or ground water such as coastal marsh soil or gley soil) in the freshly collected state and homogenize as described in Annex C. 6.2 Determining water content Determine the water content in accordance with ISO 11465. Licensed CopyChinese University of Hong Kong, 11/04/2009 08:46, Un
45、controlled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 19730:2008 ISO 19730:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3 6.3 Extraction Extract the soil at (20 2) C with 1 mol/l NH4NO3 solution, using a mass-to-volume ratio of 1:2,5. Using a pipette, add 25,0 ml of ammonium nitrate solution (4.2) to (10,00 0,01) g of air-dried
46、or freshly collected soil (6.1) into a 50 ml conical test tube with screw caps (5.5). Close the test tube with a screw cap, mount it to an end-over-end shaker (5.6) and extract the soil at (20 2) r/min for (120 5) min. See Annex C for instructions on extracting organic or reductomorphic horizons. 6.
47、4 Phase separation Place the closed test tubes into a centrifuge and separate the solid phase by centrifugation with about 1 000 g for 10 min. Rinse the membrane filter and the syringe with 1 ml of extract solution and discard the rinsing solution. Filter 10 ml of the supernatant solution directly f
48、rom the sample test tube into a 10 ml syringe equipped with a 0,45 m disposable in-line membrane filter. Store the filtered ammonium nitrate extract in a clean conical test tube. 6.5 Stabilization of extract After filtration, stabilize the extract with nitric acid (4.3) by adding about 1 % of its vo
49、lume of nitric acid (e.g. 0,1 ml of nitric acid to 10 ml of extract). This can also be done in connection with a dilution step (especially necessary if ICP techniques are applied for analysis). Transfer a fixed volume of the filtrate (e.g. 10,0 ml) using a pipette into a 50 ml volumetric flask, add 0,5 ml nitric acid (4.3) and fill up to the mark with water. Dilutions can be made also by mass. 6.6 Blank test Subject at least one blank to the same extraction procedure. 7 Calculation After subtr