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1、CIE 73 88 9006145 0003142 903 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LtCLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION O F ROAD CONGRESSES (P.I.A.R.C.) ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE PERMANENTE DES CONGRES DE LA ROUTE (A.I.P.C.R.) VISUAL
2、ASPECTS OF ROAD MARKINGS Joint technical report CIE 1 PIARC PUBLICATION CIE NO 73 (1988) CENTRAL BUREAU O F T H E CIE A-1030 VIENNA, Kegelgasse 27 - AUSTRIA Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not
3、 for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:03:57 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 9006345 0003143 84T E Foreword During its meeting in April 1981, CIE Technical committee 1.6, Visual Signalling, decided to initiate a coordination of work in the field of road markings in a su
4、bcommittee of TC 1.6. Before that time road markings were also treated from different specific points of view in the Technicai Committees 2.3 (Materials), 4.6 (Road Lighting) and 4.7 (Automobile Lighting. in June 1981 the Action Committee of CIE approved the suggestion of TC 1.6. In October 1981 the
5、 first meeting of the new Subcommittee was held with members recruited out of the four Technical Committees. Task for the committee - now TC 4-04 Road Markings in Division 4 Lighting and Signalling for Transport - was to draft a Technical Report on “Visual aspects of road markings“ which should serv
6、e as basis for an International Standard. First drafts of the 5 chapters were presented during an International Symposium held in Paris in May 2 -3,1983 under the patronage of CIE, PRI and PIARC. On this basis the Technical Committee 4 - 04 has prepared this report in the following years. Vorwort Wh
7、rend einer Sitzung des CIE-Technischen Komitees 1.6 “Verkehrssignale“ im April 1981 wurde be- schlossen, die Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Fahrbahnmarkierungen in einem Unterkomitee des TC 1.6 zu koordinieren. Vor dieser Zeit wurden Fahrbahnmarkierungen unter den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten in den
8、 Technischen Komitees 2.3 (Baustoffe), 4.6 (StraBenbeleuchtung) und 4.7 (Kraftfahrzeugbeleuchtung) behandelt. Im Juni 1981 stimmte das CIE-Aktionskomitee den Vorschlgen des TC 1.6 zu. Im Oktober 1981 fand die erste Sitzung des neuen Unterkomitees statt, dessen Mitarbeiter sich aus de- nen der 0.g. T
9、echnischen Komitees zusammensetzten. Aufgabe dieses Komitees - nurnmehr TC 4 -04 “Fahrbahnmarkierungen“ in der Division 4 “Beleuchtung und Signale fr den Verkehr“ -war die Erar- beitung eines Technischen Berichtes ber “Visual aspects of road markings“, welcher als Grundlage fr Internationale Standar
10、ds dienen soll. Die ersten Entwrfe der fnf Kapitel wurden in Paris am 2 und 3. Mai 1983 auf einem Internationalen Symposium vorgetragen, das unter der Schirmherrschaft der CIE, PRI und PIARC stattfand. Auf dieser Grundlage hat das TC 4-04 den vorliegenden technischen Bericht in den folgenden Jahren
11、erarbeitet Avant-Propos Au cours de sa reunion du mois davril 1981, le Comit Technique TC 1.6- Signalisation Visuelle de la CIE, a pris linitiative de confier un souscomit la coordination des travaux dans le domaine des marquages routiers. Avant cette date, les problmes relatifs aux marquages routie
12、rs taient traits en fonction de leurs points de vue spcifiques par les Comits Techniques 2.3 (Matriaux), 4.6 (Eclairage des voies publiques) et 4 . 7 (Dispositifs dclairage des automobiles). En juin 1981, le Comit dAction de la CIE a approuv la dcision du Comit TC 1.6. En octobre 1981 fut tenue la p
13、remiere runion de ce nouveau sous-comit, avec la participation de membres recruts dans les 4 Comits Techniques. La tche de ce sous-comit, actuellement dsign comme la comite TC 4 4 4 “Marquages routiers“ de la division 4 Eclairage et signalisation pour les transports, tait de prparer un Rapport Techn
14、ique sur les “Aspects visuels des marquages routiers“, en vue de servir de base un norme internationale. Les premiers projets pour les 5 chapitres furent prsents lors dun symposium international tenu Paris les 2 et 3 mai 1983 sous le patronnage de la CIE, de la PRI et de IAIPCR. Cest sur cette base
15、quau cours des annes suivantes, le Comit Technique 4-44 a prpar le present rapport. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken i n the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Tou
16、te mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prference de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait fitte exhaustif. Oie Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine B i 1 ligung durch die CIE. Obgleich
17、 groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind. I l C I E 1988 Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee
18、, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:03:57 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 73 88 9006345 0003344 786 Members of the Technical Committee 4 - 04 A Fisher K . Sarensen A.M. Serres M. Bry W. Kebschull G. Richey G. Schreiber .H.Terstiege J. Cobb H.F. Stephens
19、on J.J. Balder J.Th.H. Bindels G.J. Blaauw P. Padmos “ D A Schreuder S.O. Lundkvist M. Dutruit M. Bernhard M. Jacks, Jr. N.L. Johnson Australia Denmark France (1 981-1 983) France (from 1983) Germany, Federal Republic Germany, Federal Republic (from194) Germany, Federal Republic, Chairman Germany, F
20、ederal Republic Great Britain Great Britain (1981 -1984) The Netherlands (1981 -1985) The Netherlands (from 1985) The Netherlands (191-1984) The Netherlands (1981 -1984) The Netherlands Sweden Switzerland (1981 -1982) Switzerland (from 1982) U.SA. U.S.A. (from 1984) Editors Dr. Gnter Schreiber, Chai
21、rman TC 4.04 Gnther Richey, Member TC 4.04 III Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:03:57 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Tab
22、le of contents 1 Principles of information transfer by road markings . 1 1.1 Introduction . 1.2 Vehicle operation . . “ “ “ “ “ 2 1.3 Functional requirements of road markings . 1.4 Illumination aspects . 1.5 Reflection characteristics of road markings 4 1.6 Visibility of road markings . 5 1.7 Conclu
23、sions . . 5 1 2 Requirement for markings and raised pavement markers 6 2.1 Introduction . 6 2.1.1 Visibility distance requirements . 6 for driving at day and night 2.1.2 Drivers visual geometry (Perspective scene) . 6 2 . 1 . 3 Preview time and distance requirements . 6 2.1.4 Terminology 7 22.1 Gene
24、ral . 8 2.2.2 Visibility distances of stripes . 8 Visibility distances of raised pavement markers . 2.2.4 Measurements in practice . 11 . 2.2 Nighttime visibility of roadmarkings 8 2.2.3 2.3 Visibility conditions at daytime . 13 2.3.1 General . . 13 . 13 2.3.2 Experimental results . 2.3.3 Visibility
25、 distances ._ , . . 2.4 Summary and conclusions 17 2.4.1 Preview time and distance . 17 2.4.2 Minimum nighttime reflectivity 2 . 4 . 3 Daytime requirements . 17 3 Influence of beads and their application . 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
26、 Application . 3.3 Beads behaviour and retroreflection level 3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 18 18 2 1 24 IV Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 1
27、1/24/2007 08:03:57 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 73 88 7006345 O003346 557 I 4 Products and materials . . . . 25 4.1 The different products and matsrials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.2 Performance in wet and dry condition . 26 4.3 Selection for d
28、ifferent applications . . 29 4.4 Temporaryroadrnarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Other qualityfactors: Durability, skid resistance and drying time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.5 5 The photometry and co
29、lorimetry of road markings and road studs 31 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5 . 6 5 . 7 5 . 8 5.9 Introduction 31 Measurement geometries . 31 5.2.1 Daytime illumination 31 Coefficient of retroreflected luminance RL . Choice of measurement geometry for a specific test . 5.4.1 Geometrical considerations . 34 5.4
30、.2 The practical situation for illumination and viewing of road markings 34 5.4.3 Simplified geometrical configuration for laboratory tests 35 5.2.2 Nighttime illumination by headlights . and for other purposes, e.g., field tests Laboratory photometric measurement for road marking material . 35 Appa
31、ratus and precautions for laboratory measurement 37 . 5.6.1 The specification of the source . 37 5.6.2 38 5.6.3 The photometer head . 38 5.6.4 5.6.5 Uniformity of the illuminance at the sample Residual and stray light . 39 The measuring distance . 39 5 . 6 . 6 Size of angular apertures . 39 5.6.7 Th
32、e adjustment of the illumination angle . . 39 5 . 6 . 8 Stability of the apparatus Measurement of the photometric performance of road markings in the fiel 5.7.1 Retroreflectometers 5.7.2 Measurement geometry . 40 5.7.3 Correlation between retroreflectometers 41 5.7.4 Cal i brationof retrorefl ectome
33、ters . 42 Photometry of road studs 42 5.8.1 Introduction . 42 5.8.2 Photometric quantity used in the assessment of the performance of road studs . 42 5.8.2.1 Coefficient of luminous intensity. Symbol R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.8.2.2 Laborat
34、ory measurement of road studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.8.2.3 Field measurement of road studs Colorimetry of road marking materials and road studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 having different measurement geometries 43 5.10 Relations between the CIE co-ordinate s
35、ystem for retroreflection 1491 5.11 A model for the coefficient of retroreflected luminance RLof road markings . . . . . and the geometrical parameters in public lighting 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 46 6 Reqerences 48 Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS und
36、er license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:03:57 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 73 88 900b145 0003LY7 495 Summary Purpose of this report of TC 4-04 is to provide the information necessary for unde
37、rstanding future standards for iight-technical properties of road markings in road traffic. The report does not deal with traffic control rules for road traffic. The report is segmented into 5 chapters: The first chapter deals with the principles of information-transfer by road markings. These are o
38、f high importance today for the optical guidance of traff ic. Therefore, road markings have to satisfy functional requirements especially with regard to their light technical properties. The second chapter describes the requirements for road markings and raised pavement markers for driving by day an
39、d night. A detailed mathematical treatment deals with the distances from which road markings are visible. The third chapter describes the importance of glass beads for nighttime visibility and their application in road markings. The behaviour of beaded paints under traffic wear is reported. The four
40、th chapter reports on products and materials used for markings including center- or edgelines. The influence of the road surface and its temperature changes on daytime visibility is reported. Chapter five deals with the photometry and colorimetry of the markings. Definitions for the various terms ar
41、e given and methods of measurement in the laboratory as well as on the road are described. Two different geometries for measurements are in use and described. It was possible to develop a mathematical transformation between the angular coordinate system of road lighting and the angular coordinate sy
42、stem of retroreflection. This work revealed that most retroreflectometers used today are working with simplified geometries which do not allow direct conclusions on the real parameters. Developement of portable retroreflectometers for satisfactory measurements on profiled road markings is needed. Al
43、so the developement of an instrument to measure daytime visibility of road markings under diffuse illumination and grazing direction of observation is desirable. Zusammenfassung Zweck dieses Berichtes des TC 4- 04 ist, die notwendigen Informationen zu vermitteln, die fr zuknfti- ge Standards der lic
44、httechnischen Eigenschaften von Fahrbahnmarkierungen fr den Straenverkehr bentigt werden. Das erste Kapitel beschreibt die Prinzipien der Informationsbertragung durch Fahrbahnmarkierun- gen. Diese sind heute fr die optische Fhrung des Verkehrs auerordentlich wichtig. Deswegen h- ben Fahrbahnmarkieru
45、ngen durch lichttechnische Eigenschaften bestimmten funktionellen Anforde- rungen zu gengen. Das zweite Kapitel beschreibt die Anforderungen fr Fahrbahnmarkierungen und Markierungen mit Reflektoren fr das Fahren bei Tag und Nacht, Eine detaillierte mathematische Abhandlung beschftigt sich mit der Er
46、kennbarkeitsentfernung fr die Markierungen. Das dritte Kapitel behandelt die Bedeutung der Glasperlen fr die Nachtsichtbarkeit und ihre Anwen- dung in Fahrbahnmarkierungen. ber das Verhalten von Farben mit Glasperlen unter Verkehrsbela- stung wird berichtet. VI Copyright International Commission on
47、Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:03:57 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 73 88 9006345 0003148 321 I Das vierte Kapitel behandelt Produkte und Materialien, w
48、elche fr Markierungen einschlielich von Mittel- und Randmarkierungen verwendet werden. Der EinfluB der Fahrbahnoberflche und ihre Temperaturnderungen auf die Tagessichtbarkeit wird berichtet. Kapitel fnf behandelt die Photometrie und Kolorimetrie der Fahrbahnmarkierungen. Definitio- nen der verschiedenen MeOgrBen werden angefhrt und Methoden zu ihrer Messung, sowohl im Labor als auch auf der Fahrbahn, beschrieben. Zwei verschiedene Geometrien fr heute bliche Messungen wer