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1、GOST 398-96 INTERSTATE STANDARD CARBON STEEL TIRES FOR BROAD GAUGE RAILROAD AND SUBWAY ROLLING-STOCK SPECIFICATIONS Official Edition INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION Minsk II GOST 398-96 Foreword 1 DEVELOPED by the International Technical Committee “Pig-iron, steel
2、 and rolled stock” (MTK 120), the All-Russian Scientific and Research Institute for Railway Transport, the State Scientific and Research Institute for Diesel Locomotives, the Institute for Ferrous 0HWDOOXUJ#RI#8NUDLQH#DQG#E#WKH#,QWHUQDWLRQDO#7HFKQLFDO# 3 - for freight and shunting locomotives (used
3、subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the customer). 4.3 The chemical composition of tire steel according to the ladle sample smelt analysis shall meet that specified in table 1. Table 1 Mass content of elements, % PS Grade of steel CSiMnV no more than 20.57 to 0.650.22 to 0.450.60 to 0.
4、90up to 0.150.0350.040 30.60 to 0.680.22 to 0.450.60 to 0.900.06 to 0.150.0350.040 Notes 1 The permitted content of elements shall not exceed the following values: 0.08% for molybdenum, 0.25% for nickel, 0.20% for chrome and 0.30% for copper. The total content of sulfur and phosphorus shall be no mo
5、re than 0.065%. 2 The total content of chrome, nickel and copper of steel of grade 3 shall be not less than 0.30%. 3 In ready made tires, the limiting deviations of the chemical composition from that specified in table 1 are allowed in accordance with the requirements of GOST 380. 4.4 Tires shall be
6、 hardened by fragment heating and tempering. All temperature parameters of heat treatment shall be automatically registered. 4.5 The mechanical characteristics of heat-hardened tires shall meet the norms specified in table 2. -,-,- 4 GOST 398-96 Table 2 Relative elongation, % Reduction of area, % Br
7、inell hardness, G Impact elasticity at 20K/#-2FP2 (kgfm/cm2) Grade of steel Ultimate rupture strength u, N/mm2 (kgf/mm2) no less than 2930 to 1 11010142690.25 (95 to 113)(2.5) 31 000 to 1 2708122750.20 (102 to 130)(2.0) Notes 1 Impact elasticity at a temperature 60 K#+10) shall be tested on each ten
8、th smelt and be registered in the quality certificate. The impact elasticity value shall be no less than 0.15 J/cm2 (1.5 kgfm/cm2). 2 Hardness of the ridge of a tire shall have the upper limit of no more than 321 HB for grade 2 steel, and be registered in the quality certificate. 3 Hardness of metal
9、 of a tire at a depth (40 3 2 + ) mm from the rolled surface shall be tested on 10% of smelts, and be registered in the quality certificate. 4.6 On the tires, flocs, cracks, delaminations and casting skins are not allowed. Gas bubbles, sponginess, porosity and non-metallic inclusions are allowed wit
10、hin the limits of the scale of macrostructures established in the technical documentation and approved in accordance with the established procedure. 4.7 In tire steel, non-metallic inclusions shall be of an average point no more than 4 (except for non-deforming silicates), and for oxidic inclusions
11、the average point shall be no more than the 2 according to GOST 1778. The diagram for cutting microsections from a tire to trace non-metallic inclusions is shown in figure 1 below. Figure 1 -,-,- 5 GOST 398-96 4.8 On the surface of tires there shall be no rolling skins, patches, cracks, rolled-flat
12、impurities or rolled-in scales. It is allowed to rectify these defects along the entire perimeter of a tire by cutting or turning it on a lathe to a depth not exceeding 75% of the machining tolerance. 4.9 On the outside lateral surface, imprints no more than 1 mm deep and local longitudinal notches
13、up to 5 mm deep are allowed. 4.10 On one tire, the total length of notches not removed by turning shall be no more than 300 mm; in one cross-section no more than two notches are allowed. Notches shall be flat, without abrupt changes in the cross-section. 4.11 Before heat treatment, tires shall be st
14、raightened at a temperature no less than 400K1 Flatness deviation of a tire shall not exceed 2 mm. Re-straightening of tires deformed during heat treatment is allowed, provided that the triple ovality and non-flatness tolerances are not exceeded. 4.12 On the lateral outside surface of each tire at a
15、 distance of 22 to 32 mm between the internal cylindrical surface of the holding collar and the base of marking, brand marks shall be hot-stamped as characters 10-15 mm high and up to 4 mm deep arranged in the following order: - the trade mark or identification number of the manufacturer; - the two
16、last figures of the year of manufacture; - the grade of the tire; - the number of the smelt; - the serial number of the tire under the manufacturers numbering system. Change of the marking order is not allowed. After the smelt number, space for acceptance stamps shall be left. The imprint resulted f
17、rom applying the marking is not a rejecting feature. Tires shall be marked with stamps with rounded outlines and blunt angles, inclined to a diameter at an angle of 15-20, according to those shown in figure 2. 6 GOST 398-96 Figure 2 Manual stamping of marks, except for acceptance stamps, is not allo
18、wed. Separate indistinct marks may be corrected manually before heat treatment of a tire. 5 ACCEPTANCE PROCEDURES 5.1 To verify conformity of tires to the requirements of this Standard, the manufacturer shall carry out acceptance tests. Tires that have withstood acceptance tests shall be presented t
19、o the customers representative. The verification results shall be specified in the quality certificate. 5.2 Tires are submitted for acceptance tests in batches. A batch shall include tires of the same smelt, heat-treated by the same mode, with a difference in the internal diameters of no more than 2
20、00 mm. Blanks left out of the basic smelts in the process of production may be collected in a combined batch in a quantity of no more than 40. A combined batch shall be made up based on “carbon + 1/4 manganese” equivalent provided that the difference between minimum and maximum equivalents in metal
21、does not exceed 0.07%. It is allowed to collect combined batches in the following two groups based on the carbon content: 0.57 to 0.61% and 0.62 to 0.65% for grade 2 steel; 0.60 to 0.64% and 0.65 to 0.68% for grade 3 steel. 5.3 The customers representative is authorized to verify the chemical compos
22、ition of the steel in batches of tires submitted for acceptance tests. 5.4 Each tire shall be subjected to visual inspection and measuring as per clauses 4.1, 4.8 and 4.9. -,-,- 7 GOST 398-96 5.5 From a batch submitted for acceptance tests, one tire that has withstood acoustic non- destructive monit
23、oring shall be selected to undergo the structural endurance test by means of single static squeezing on a press or by impact (pile-driver test). After the test, the tires should have no cracks, tears or other signs of damage. 5.6 After the single static squeezing test or impact (pile-driver test), t
24、he macrostructure shall be monitored. The test pieces shall be cut out from the least deformed part of the tire. 5.7 If the single static squeezing test on the longitudinal template gives unsatisfactory results, then the tires shall be checked over for flocs. 5.8 If flocs are detected in the macrost
25、ructure, then the batch shall be rejected. Should there be other rejecting macrostructure features, two more tires shall be tested. If the test results for tires made from cap and bottom blanks are negative, then they shall be rejected, and the remainder of the tires shall be accepted as a new batch
26、. 5.9 If the single static squeezing test or the impact test results are unsatisfactory, but the macrostructure is satisfactory, then the single static squeezing or impact indicators shall be re- tested on two more tires. If the test results are unsatisfactory for even one tire, then the entire batc
27、h may be subjected to repeated heat treatment. 5.10 If the single static squeezing test or the impact test and the macrostructure control results are unsatisfactory, then the extension, impact elasticity and hardness tests shall be carried out on samples. If the results of any of these tests are uns
28、atisfactory, then a re-testing of the given type shall be carried out on samples prepared from two other tires. 5.11 If the extension and impact elasticity (relative elongation and reduction of area) indicators are re-tested and the results are negative, then the contamination of the steel by non-me
29、tallic inclusions shall be monitored. If the results of any of these tests are unsatisfactory, the entire batch shall be rejected. 5.12 If the re-testing of indicators of any type gives unsatisfactory results (impact or static squeezing, impact elasticity, extension or hardness), but the macro- and
30、microstructure control results are positive, then a repeated heat treatment of the entire batch (quenching and tempering or tempering) is allowed. -,-,- 8 GOST 398-96 5.13 After repeated heat treatments, tires shall be subjected to all types of tests stipulated by this Standard. If the re-testing re
31、sults are unsatisfactory for one of the indicators, then a batch shall be considered as not having withstood the tests. 5.14 No more than two re-quenchings is allowed. Re-tempering is not limited in number. 5.15 Tires with indistinct marking stamps, which make it impossible to identify the trade mar
32、k or conditional number, the year of manufacture, the grade of tire, the number of smelt, the serial number of tire or the acceptance stamps, shall be considered as not conforming to the requirements of this Standard. 6 QUALITY CONTROL 6.1 Appearance of a tire (5.4) shall be inspected visually, whil
33、e measuring shall comply with GOST 3225 and GOST 5000. 6.2 Chemical composition of tire steel (5.3) shall be analyzed in accordance with GOST 22536.0 - GOST 22536.5, GOST 22536.7 -GOST 22536.9 and GOST 18895 or by other methods that have passed the metrological certification according to GOST 8.010.
34、 6.3 During the impact test a tire shall be in a vertical position. A load weighing 1 metric ton shall deliver an impact on the tire, its shock surface shall be 150 mm in radius, and the anvil block shall weigh no less than 12 metric tons. The bending deflection value f in % of the internal diameter
35、 of the tire when undergoing impact of the load shall be no less than that calculated using the formula / 3 1 9 X I where D is the external diameter of a tire, mm; u is the minimum standard of ultimate rupture strength according to table 2, N/mm2. The minimum height of fall of the load shall be eval
36、uated by the work of one impact Q, J (kgfm), calculated using the formula Q 15g, where g is the real mass of the tested tire, kg. -,-,- 9 GOST 398-96 The number of impacts necessary to bring the bending deflection to the required value shall be recorded in the test report. The temperature of tested
37、tires shall not exceed 50K1 During the single static squeezing test, the force P shall be applied to the tire from diametrically opposite sides P=Ku F, where J is the squeezing force of a tire, N; u is the minimum norm of ultimate rupture strength, N/mm2; F is the cross section area, mm2; K is the p
38、roportionality factor calculated using the formula , 140 025 . 0 IN D K+= where DIN is the internal diameter of the tire, mm. The bending deflection value , mm, shall be no less than that calculated using the formula . 60 10 / 85. 2 4- = P The real bending deflection value shall be registered in the
39、 test report. The temperature of tires being tested shall not exceed 50K1 6.4 Mechanical properties shall be tested in accordance with GOST 1497 on a test piece 15 mm in diameter of initial rated length of 60 mm cut out in the place shown in figure 3. Test pieces shall be taken in accordance with GO
40、ST 7564. 6.5 Impact elasticity shall be evaluated based on average value of results of the tests made on three samples at a temperature 20K#+10) for samples of type 1 in according to GOST 9454; based on the minimum value of results of the tests made on three samples at a temperature 60K#+10) for 10
41、10 55 mm samples with a 2 mm deep notch 5 mm in radius. Sampling for impact elasticity testing shall comply with GOST 7564. Samples shall be cut out along the perimeter of the tire in the place shown in figure 3. 10 GOST 398-96 1 extension test sample; 2 - impact elasticity test samples Figure 3 6.6
42、 Hardness shall be evaluated based on the average value of three measurements in accordance with GOST 9012 using a 10 mm ball under the load of 29 430 N (3 000 kgf) on a transversal template in the place shown in figure 4. Hardness on the edge of the tire shall be measured at one point shown in figu
43、re 4. Figure 4 Evaluation of the hardness on a lateral surface of each tire is allowed. The monitoring techniques shall meet the requirements of the specifications and technical documentation. 91:# - the grade of steel of the tire; - the name of the manufacturer; - the quantity of tires; - the numbe
44、r of smelt; - the chemical composition of steel by smelt analysis; - the static squeezing or impact; extension, hardness and impact elasticity test results; - the date of shipment of the tire; - the number of this Standard. 7.3 Tires shall be transport unpacked. The modes of transportation and stora
45、ge shall protect the tires from mechanical damages. 7KH#FRQGLWLRQV#RI#WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ#DQG#VWRUDJH#RI#WLUHV#VKDOO#FRPSO#ZLWK#HA#JURXS#E GOST 15150 regarding climatic effects. 7.4 Transportation of tires shall comply with GOST 7566. 8 MANUFACTURERS GUARANTEES 8.1 The manufacturer shall guarantee confor
46、mity of the tires to the requirements of this Standard provided that operating, transportation and installation conditions are observed. 8.2 The guaranteed operating period regarding the requirements of clauses 4.3, 4.6 and 4.7 is established for the entire service life of the tire until the wear li
47、mit. -,-,- GOST 398-96 UDC 629.4.027.434:006.354 OKS (All-Union Classification Code of Standards) B41 OKP (All-Union Product Classification Code) 09 4100 Keywords: carbon steel tires, rough, macrostructure, chemical composition, mechanical properties, acceptance procedures, methods of control, manufacturers guarantee Editor 71#:1#Leonova Technical Editor N. S. Grishanova Proof-reader M. S. Kabashova Computer layout V. I. Grishenko -,-,-