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4、IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 03:08:40 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE Std 1243-1997 IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines IEEE Power Engineering S
5、ociety Sponsored by the Transmission and Distribution Committee r- Q) Q) W W W I Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 03:08:40 MDTNo reproduction or netwo
6、rking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE Std 1243-1997 IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines Sponsor Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 26 June 1997 IEEE Standards Board Abstract: The effects of routing
7、, structure type, insulation, shielding, and grounding on transmis- sion lines are discussed. The way these transmission-line choices will improve or degrade light- ning performance is also provided. An additional section discusses several special methods that may be used to improve lightning perfor
8、mance. Finally, a listing and description of the FLASH pro- gram is presented. Keywords: grounding, lightning protection, overhead electric power transmission, shielding The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 1001 7-2394, USA Copyright O 1997 b
9、y the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1997. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-55937-937-5 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permissi
10、on of the publisher. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 03:08:40 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- S T D - I E E
11、 E 1243-ENGL 1797 m 4805702 055b501 73b IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinat- ing Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. T
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23、right Clearance Center. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 03:08:40 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Introducti
24、on (This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1243-1997, IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Trans- mission Lines.) For most overhead power transmission lines, lightning is the primary cause of unscheduled interruptions. Several methods for estimating lightning-outage rates have be
25、en developed in the past, and many publica- tions have been written on how to design transmission lines that experience minimum interruptions. The methods for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines show several approaches to areal- life engineering problem that is ill-defined. Pr
26、ecise constants are rarely known and are often not really con- stant, input data is difficult to describe mathematically except in idealized ways, and outputs may be depictable only by probabilities or average values. By its nature, lightning is difficult to study and model. Lightning tran- sients a
27、re so fast that air ionization time constants lead to a time- and waveshape-dependent insulation strength. Lightning peak currents may be ten times higher or lower than the median 31 kA value. Typical ground-flash densities are between 1 and 10 flasheskm*, so a typical 100 km long strip of width 20
28、m should receive 2-20 flashes per year. A transmission line of normal height will receive ten times more flashes because it is tall. Structure footing impedances vary with soil characteristics, flash current, and time. Nonlinear corona and surge response effects change the waveshape and magnitude of
29、 stresses. As a further complication, light- ning flash density varies widely from year to year and changes with location and season. Any method of judging the lightning performance of transmission lines must cope with these uncertainties. It is pointless, and indeed misleading, to promote a method
30、that is more precise than the accuracy of the input data. The uncertainties of the problem do permit some simplification of the method; rough estimates are likely to be as correct as a much more detailed solution. It is in this spirit that this guide and the FLASH program have been prepared. If the
31、transmission-line designer keeps these limitations in mind, the factors that most influence the lightning performance of a given transmission line may be evaluated. Knowledge has improved in recent years in such areas as shielding design, stroke characteristics, impulse current behavior of grounds,
32、and lightning ground-flash density. Work is continuing in these areas, as well as others. However, a simple design guide is needed now. It is the purpose of this publication to provide a sim- plified guide that includes new advances in this field, for use by transmission-line designers. The IEEE Wor
33、king Group on Estimating the Lightning Performance of Overhead Transmission Lines had the following membership during the preparation of this guide: John G. Anderson John W. Anderson Philip Barker Ralph Bernstein James E. Chapman Pritindra Chowdhuri Ernico Cinieri Roger Clayton Luigi Dellera Hamid E
34、lahi Andrew J. Eriksson George Gela Stanislaw Grzybowski James T. Whitehead, Chail; 1985-1989 William A. Chisholm, Chail; 1989-1997 Christopher Hickman Andrew R. Hileman Atsuyuki houe Marasu Ishii Wasyl Janischewskyj John Kappenman Robert C. Latham Duilio M. Leite Vito J. Longo Harry G. Mathews Jame
35、s McBride Thomas McDermott Hideki Motoyama Charles H. Moser Abdul M. Mousa Richard E. Orville Dee E. Parrish Charles Pencinger John B. Posey Joseph D. Renowden Farouk A. M. Rizk Thomas Short Mohamed H. Shwehdi Martin A. Uman Edward R. Whitehead The Worlung Group would like to thank the many individu
36、als who reviewed the text and provided comments in the review and balloting process. Copyright O 1997 IEEE. All rights reserved. 111 . Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for R
37、esale, 04/25/2007 03:08:40 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- This document is dedicated to the work and memory of Ed Whitehead: “Lightning is the enemy, Trees are your friends, Theyll shield your lines Howeer the leader bends.” The following persons were on th
38、e balloting committee: Hanna E. Abdallah Edward J. Adolphson Glenn Andersen J. G. Anderson James E. Applequist Edwin Averill Michael P. Baldwin Phil P. Barker Ron L. Barker E. Betancourt John Boyle H. Steve Brewer Joseph F. Buch James J. Burke Vernon L. Chartier Nisar Chaurdhry Prit Chowdhuri Don Ch
39、u Enrico Cinieri Sam Cluts Thomas M. Compton F, Leonard Consalvo William T. Croker Paul L. Dandeno Glenn A. Davidson R. Decker Tom. Diamantis William K. Dick Dale A. Douglas Robert Engelken William E. Feero Jon M. Ferguson Harald Fien James Funke George Gela Donald A. Gillies Edwin J. Xp Goodwin I.
40、S. Grant Stan Grzybowski Adel E. Hammad Jerome G. Hanson Donald G. Heald Roland Heinrichs Richard W. Hensel Steven F ! Hensley Christopher W. Hickman Andrew Robert Hileman John Hunt Atsuyuki houe Wasyl Janischewskyj John G. Kappenman Richard Kennon Jeff J. Kester Robert O. Kluge Nestor Kolcio Alan E
41、. Kollar Donald E. Koonce David J. Koury Samy G. Krishnasamy Barin Kumar Stephen R. Lambert Robert C. Latham Benny H. Lee Gerald E. Lee Antonio L. Lim Joseph Ma K. T. Massouda Mike. McCafferty John McDaniel Nigel P. McQuin Ross McTaggart John E. Merando Jr. Sam Michael J. David Mitchell Daleep Mohla
42、 Richard K. Moore J. H. Moran Hideki Motoyama Abdul M. Mousa Jay L. Nicholls D. L. Nickel George B. Niles Stig L. Nilsson Ronald J. Oedemann Robert G. Oswald Gerald A. Paiva Bert Parsons Mohammad A. Pasha Jesse M. Patton David F. Pelo Carlos Peixoto Thomas J. Pekarek Robert C. Peters Trevor Pfaff R.
43、 Leon Plaster Ed Knapp Percy E. Pool Steven C. Powell Patrick D. Quinn Parvez Rashid Jerry L. Reding Joseph Renowden Frank Richens Stephen J. Rodick John R. Ro located on, above, or most frequently below the surface of the earth; and connected to the grounding systems of the towers or poles supporti
44、ng the transmission lines. 3.1.6 critical current: The first-stroke lightning current to a phase conductor which produces a critical impulse flashover voltage wave. The NESC is available f r o m the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, N
45、Y 10036. USA. It is also available f r o m the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, piscataway, NJ 08855-1331. USA. 2ANSI publications m available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Hoor. New York, N
46、Y 10036, USA. 2 Copyright Q 1997 IEEE. All rights reserved. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 03:08:40 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted witho
47、ut license from IHS -,-,- LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES IEEE Std 1243-1997 3.1.7 critical impulse flashover voltage (insulators) (CFO): The crest value of the impulse wave which, under specified conditions, causes flashover through the surrounding medium on 50% of the applications. 3.1
48、.8 direct stroke protection (lightning): Lightning protection designed to protect a network or electric installation against direct strokes. 3.1.9 flashover: A disruptive discharge through air around or over the surface of solid or liquid insulation, between parts of different potential or polarity,
49、 produced by the application of voltage wherein the break- down path becomes sufficiently ionized to maintain an electric arc. 3.1.10 ground electrode: A conductor or group of conductors in intimate contact with the ground for the purpose of providing a connection with the ground. 3.1.11 ground flash density (GFD): The average num