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1、 IEEE Std 388-1992 IEEE Standard for Transformers and Inductors in Electronic Power Conversion Equipment Sponsor Electronics Transformers Technical Committee of the IEEE Power Electronics Society Approved March 19, 1992 IEEE Standards Board Abstract: Transformers of both the saturating and nonsatura
2、ting type are covered. The power transfer capability of the transformers and inductors covered range from the minimal (less than 1 W) to the multikilowatt level. The purpose is to provide a common basis for the engineers designing the transformers and inductors used in those activities. This standar
3、d does not cover apparatus used in equipment for high-voltage power conversion for distribution by electric utilities. Keywords: Converter, inductor, transformer. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright 1992 by the Inst
4、itute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1992 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 1-55937-217-6 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the pu
5、blisher. IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Com- mittees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Commit- tees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. Th
6、e standards developed within IEEE represent a con- sensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in partic- ipating in the development of the standard. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The exi
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8、rought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every fi ve years for revision or reaffi rmation. When a docu- ment is more than fi ve years old and has not been reaffi rmed, it is reason-
9、 able to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly refl ect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any inter- ested party, r
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13、requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA IEEE Standards documents are adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers without regard to whether their adoption may involve patents on
14、 articles, materials, or processes. Such adoption does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the standards documents. Foreword (This foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 388-1992, IEEE Standard for Transformers and Inductors in Ele
15、ctronic Power Conversion Equipment.) The purpose of this standard is to provide a common understanding between the engineers designing electronic power conversion circuits and the engineers designing the transformers and inductors used in those circuits. This standard pertains to magnetic apparatus
16、that transform, store, and/or control electri- cal energy in the process of converting that energy from what is available from the power source to the voltage and current levels required by the load. The power transfer capability of transformers and inductors covered by this standard ranges from the
17、 minimal (less than 1 W) to the multikilowatt level. This standard does not cover apparatus used in equipment for high-voltage power conversion for distribution by elec- tric utilities. It should be noted that the electronic power conversion fi eld is evolving rapidly and that this standard may not
18、include some confi gurations and nomenclature. This publication was prepared by the Converter Transformers Working Group of the Power Transformer Subcommittee of the Electronics Transformers Technical Committee of the IEEE Power Electronics Society. At the time that this standard was completed, the
19、working group and subcommittee had the following membership: H. Fickenscher, Chair R. L. Sell, Vice-Chair P. K. Goethe, Past Chair (19851987) D. N. RatliffJ. TardyB. D. Thackwray C. J. ElliottH. E. LeeN. R. Grossner W. A. MartinL. R. HillR. C. Fischer At the time that it balloted and approved this s
20、tandard for submission to the IEEE Stan- dards Board, the Electronics Transformers Technical Committee had the following member- ship: J. AndresenR. GrantD. Ratliff E. D. BelangerO. KiltieR. Sell C. ElliottL. KirkwoodJ. Sirgailis H. FickenscherH. E. LeeJ. Tardy R. A. FrantzH. LordB. Thackwray P. Goe
21、theH. Tillinger When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on March 19, 1992, it had the fol- lowing membership: Marco W. Migliaro , Chair Donald C. Loughry , Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem , Secretary Dennis BodsonDonald N. HeirmanT. Don Michael* Paul L. BorrillBen C. JohnsonJohn L. Rankine C
22、lyde CampWalter J. KarplusWallace S Read Donald C. FleckensteinIvor N. KnightRonald H. Reimer Jay Forster* Joseph Koepfi nger*Gary S. Robinson David F. FranklinIrving KolodnyMartin V. Schneider Ramiro GarciaD. N. “Jim” LogothetisTerrance R. Whittemore Thomas L. HannanLawrence V. McCallDonald W. Zips
23、e *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal James Beall Richard B. Engelman Stanley Warshaw Adam Sicker IEEE Standards Department Project Editor Contents SECTIONPAGE 1.Scope 7 2.References 7 3.Definitions. 8 4.Circuits 8 4.1Voltamper
24、e Ratings 8 4.2Circuit Topology 9 5.Electrical Tests 13 5.1Ratio of Transformation 13 5.2Inductance (Impedance) Unbalance. 13 5.3Polarity Tests 13 5.4Electric Strength Test. 14 5.5Induced Voltage Test 15 5.6Leakage Inductance 16 5.7Magnetizing Inductance Measurement . 16 5.8Transformer Capacitance M
25、easurement. 16 5.9Transformer Loss Measurements 16 5.10 Volt-Second Area Rating. 20 5.11 Resonant Frequency 20 5.12 Temperature Rise Tests 20 5.13 Acoustic Noise . 21 5.14 Shielding of Transformers and Inductors 21 5.15 Audible Noise Tests. 22 FIGURES Fig 1Nonisolated DC-DC Converters. 9 Fig 2Low-Po
26、wer Popular Converter Configurations (20200 W). 10 Fig 3High-Power Popular Converter Configurations (100 W 1 kW). 11 Fig 4Half Bridge and Full Bridge Series Resonant Converters. 12 Fig 5Typical High-Potential Test Showing Secondary One Under Test 14 Fig 6Typical High-Potential Test of Inductor 14 Fi
27、g 7Bipolar Excitation Core Loss Test Circuit 18 Fig 8Bipolar Excitation Core Loss Test Circuit 18 Fig 9Bipolar Excitation Core Loss Test Circuit 19 TABLES Table 1Sound Level Corrections for Noise Tests. 22 APPENDIXES Appendix AInductance Measurement Methods for High-Frequency Power Magnetics 24 A1.S
28、inusoidal Excitation 24 Appendix BBibliography. 24 APPENDIX FIGURES Fig A1Inductance Meter 24 Fig A2Hay Bridge 25 7 IEEE Standard for Transformers and Inductors in Electronic Power Conversion Equipment 1. Scope This standard pertains to transformers and inductors of both the saturating and nonsat- u
29、rating type that are used in electronic power conversion equipment. Power conversion equipment includes items known as inverters, converters, power condi- tioners, switching power supplies, switched mode power supplies, and the like. These items are mostly devices used to change dc power from one vo
30、ltage to another, to change dc power to ac, and to change ac power of one frequency to another frequency. This equipment is best described as utilizing transistors, silicon controlled rectifi ers (SCRs), or other similar devices that switch power on and off at a high rate in order to achieve the pow
31、er conversion or regula- tion desired. Therefore, this standard covers the various transformers and inductors that are used in any of the above mentioned equipment or devices, except for transformers operated directly from the mains. 2. References 1 ANSI S1.4-1983, American National Standard Specifi
32、 cation for Sound Level Meters. 1 2 IEEE C57.12.90-1987, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers; and Guide for Short-Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power Transformers (ANSI). 2 3 IEEE Std 4-1978, IEEE Standard Techniques for High Voltage Tes
33、ting (ANSI). 4 IEEE Std 100-1988, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms (ANSI). 5 IEEE Std 119-1974, IEEE Recommended Practice for General Principles of Temperature Measurement as Applied to Electrical Apparatus. 3 6 IEEE Std 389-1990, IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Ele
34、ctronic Transformers and Inductors (ANSI). 7 Chambers, D. “Designing High Power SCR Resonant Converters for Very High Fre- quency Operation,” Proceedings of Powercon 9 , Section F-2, pp. 112, July 1982. 8 Bloom, G. and Severns, R. “The Generalized Use of Integrated Magnetics in Switchmode Power Conv
35、erters, “Paper no. 84CH 2000-8, IEEE Power Electronics Conference, pp. 1533, June 1984. 1 ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA. 2 IEEE publications are available from the Institute o
36、f Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA. 3 This standard has been withdrawn. A photocopy is available from the IEEE Service Center. IEEE Std 388-1992IEEE STANDARD FOR TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTORS IN 8 3. Defi nitions All defi
37、 nitions, except as specifi cally covered in this section, are defi ned in IEEE Std 100- 1988 4 4 . converter. A machine or device for changing dc power to ac power, for changing ac power to dc power, or for changing from one frequency to another. This defi nition covers several differ- ent power co
38、nversion functions, each of which is known by a separate term, see dc-dc con- verter , frequency converter , inverter , and rectifi er . dc-dc converter. A machine, device, or system, typically combining the functions of inversion and rectifi cation, for changing dc at one voltage to dc at a differe
39、nt voltage. duty cycle. The ratio of the sum of all pulse durations to the total period during a specifi ed period of continuous operation. frequency converter. A machine, device, or system for changing ac at one frequency to ac at a different frequency. inverter. A machine or device that changes dc
40、 power to ac power. percent ripple. The ratio of the value of the ripple voltage to the value of the total voltage multiplied by 100. rectifi er. A machine or device that changes ac power to dc power. ripple amplitude. The maximum value of the instantaneous difference between the average and instant
41、aneous value of a pulsating unidirectional wave. 4. Circuits 4.1 Voltampere Ratings. The size and voltampere rating of a converter transformer is directly related to the type of circuit in which the transformer is used. It is desirable, there- fore, that a specifi cation clearly indicate the circuit
42、 connections as well as the duty cycle and ripple amplitude. The circuit topology will, therefore, facilitate calculation of the rms values of current and voltage in each winding of the transformer. The VA (voltampere) rating of the transformer can then be calculated as the average of the primary vo
43、ltamperes and the second- ary voltamperes. 4.1.1 Calculation of VA Rating. Example : Consider the converter circuit shown in Fig 3(b) (half bridge input, full wave center-tap output). Assume an ideal transformer (negligible losses), ideal diodes (zero volts forward drop), and an ideal inductor (negl
44、igible resistance). Also, assume that all windings will be designed for uniform current density. Let output V out = 100 V dc, load current (I load) = 1 A, and output power = 100 W. Calculate transformer VA rating (defi ned as the equivalent power rating in a unity power factor circuit) as follows: V
45、A of each half-secondary = 100 V .707 A rms = 70.7 VA VA of secondary = 2 70.7 = 141.4 VA 4 The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the references in Section 2. IEEE ELECTRONIC POWER CONVERSION EQUIPMENTStd 388-1992 9 VA of primary (neglecting losses) = 100 VA Rating of transformer = = 120.7
46、VA average Note that the use of this FWCT circuit, which furnishes 100 W of dc power, will require a core that is rated 121 VA. The size of the core can therefore be signifi cantly larger than the core used in a unity power-factor circuit. 4.2 Circuit Topology. Circuits can be classifi ed as either
47、nonisolated converters (see Fig 1) or isolated converters (see Figs 2 and 3). 4.2.1 Nonisolated Converters. Nonisolated converters are characterized by the following terminology: (1)Buck, step-down see Fig 1(a) (2)Boost, step-up see Fig 1(b) (3)Flyback, either step-up or step-down see Fig 1(c) 4.2.2
48、 Isolated Converters. Isolated converters can be characterized as either low-power or high-power circuits. 141.4100+ 2 - +Vin+Vout Vout +Vin+Vout +Vin (a) Buck (Step-Down) Vout Vin (b) Boost (Step-Up) Vout Vin (c) Boost Variation That Resembles the Flyback Regulator (Step-Up or Down) Fig 1 Nonisolat
49、ed DC-DC Converters IEEE Std 388-1992IEEE STANDARD FOR TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTORS IN 10 4.2.3 Low-Power Circuits. Typical low-power circuits are single-ended, as follows: (1)Flyback, clamp winding is optional see Fig 2(a). (2)Forward, clamp winding is necessary see Fig 2(b). (3) Two-transistor fl yback or forward circuit, clamp is not needed see Fig 2(c). 4.2.4 High-Power Circuits. These circuits utilize winding confi gurations that depend on the number of semiconductor switches at the input and rectifi ers at the output