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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 5651:1978 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Cleansing and wetting procedures for use in the assessment of the effect of cleansing and wetting on the flammability of textile fabrics and fabric assemblies UDC 677.017.56:536.468:677.016.25 BS 5651:1978 This British Standard, having been
2、 prepared under the direction of the Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Executive Board on 29 December 1978 BSI 07-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference FBM/19 Draft for comment 77/35121 DC ISBN
3、 0 580 10449 4 Cooperating organizations The Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics Standards Committee, under whose direction this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations: Association of Jute Spinners and Ma
4、nufacturers British Man-made Fibres Federation* British Nonwovens Manufacturers Association British Railways Board British Textile Employers Association* Central Council of the Irish Linen Industry Consumers Standards Advisory Committee of BSI* Department of Industry (Chemicals and Textiles) Interna
5、tional Wool Secretariat* Knitting Industries Federation Ltd. Manchester Chamber of Commerce and Industry Ministry of Defence* Narrow Fabrics Federation Retail Trading Standards Association Textile Institute* Warp Knitters Association Ltd. The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list,
6、together with the following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard: Apparel and Fashion Industrys Association Association of Heavy Textile Proofers of Great Britain British Burn Association British Lace Federation British Resin Manufacture
7、rs Association British Throwsters Association Chemical Industries Association Chief and Assistant Chief Fire Officers Association Department of Health and Social Security Department of Prices and Consumer Protection Leathercloth and Coated Fabrics Manufacturers Association Manchester Chamber of Comm
8、erce Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Soap and Detergent Industry Association Textile Research Council Individual expert Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.Date of issueComments 4012July 1982Indicated by a sideline in the margin BS 5651:1978 BSI 07-1999i Contents Page Cooperati
9、ng organizationsInside front cover Forewordii 1Scope1 2References1 3Principle1 4Water soaking procedure1 5Dry cleaning procedure1 6Domestic washing procedures2 7Laundry procedures3 8Leaching/flexing procedure5 Appendix A Determination of depth of liquor in the cage7 Figure 1 Flexing procedure6 Publi
10、cations referred toInside back cover BS 5651:1978 ii BSI 07-1999 Foreword This British Standard provides a series of laboratory procedures for cleansing and wetting textile materials. These laboratory procedures are designed to simulate cleansing methods used in practice and hence assessment of thei
11、r effects on the flammability of the materials indicates the possible changes in flammability performance to be expected when materials are wetted or cleansed. It is intended that this British Standard be used in conjunction with BS 5438, which gives test methods for flammability, but it may also be
12、 used when some other method of test for flammability is employed. Several basic procedures are given which vary in their severity. The selection of the appropriate procedure will depend largely on the end use of the material and particularly on the method of cleansing likely to be used. The basic p
13、rocedures are: a) a water soaking procedure, applicable to fabrics which are not normally washed or dry cleaned but which might be subjected to wetting or spot cleaning; b) a dry cleaning procedure; c) a domestic washing procedure; d) a commercial laundry procedure; e) a disinfecting laundry procedu
14、re, for fabrics which are washed in commercial or hospital laundries under high-temperature disinfection conditions. f) a leaching/flexing procedure, for fabrics end uses such as heavy tentage and tarpaulins. An additional procedure is to be developed for assessing changes in the flammability perfor
15、mance of heavy textiles, such as tarpaulins and tent fabrics, which are exposed to daylight and weathering. This method will replace the previously proposed leaching/flexing procedure. As a temporary measure, until the new procedure is available, users are recommended to use the water soaking proced
16、ure. It is recognized that this is not a severe test, and this should be borne in mind when preparing performance specifications for such fabrics. The choice of procedure is also determined to some extent by the properties of the fabric or fabric assembly. Alternative procedures, using reduced mecha
17、nical action and temperature or reduced chemical action, are provided for washing fabrics such as wool or certain low melting point acrylic or chlorofibres, which shrink excessively during the normal washing procedure. Thus a total of eight separate procedures is given, covering a wide range of clea
18、nsing and wetting treatments suitable for different fabric/end use combinations. The number of cycles specified for the dry cleaning and washing methods represents a compromise between the needs to reproduce actual use conditions and to enable the test to be completed within a reasonable time. In ce
19、rtain circumstances it may be necessary to specify the use of fewer or more test cycles, e.g. some nonwoven fabrics will require fewer cycles, whilst products subject to DHSS performance specifications are likely to require more. It is possible to test a particular type of fabric and to establish it
20、s general pattern of behaviour after all the different procedures, but it is not practical to test production lots or small quantities of fabric by more than one procedure. Performance standards for different end uses and fabrics should therefore specify certain minimum levels of flammability perfor
21、mance after a single appropriate procedure. They should also specify the use of labelling to indicate which test procedure has been employed, any other suitable cleansing process, and any cleansing processes which may produce a significant impairment of the flammability properties. BS 5651:1978 BSI
22、07-1999iii The flammability properties of fabrics may be affected by combinations of such factors as high wash temperatures, bleaching agents, hard water, and soap based products. These changes in flammability properties are sometimes due to deposits of agents on the fabric rather than to removal of
23、 the flame retardant components. As effects of deposits are highly dependent on the particular wash conditions used, it is not possible to specify a standard procedure to predict them and steps should be taken to minimize the likelihood of their occurrence in practice. The water hardness specified (
24、160 mg/l) in the domestic washing procedure is sufficient to detect possible adverse interaction between hard water and any flame retardant. Additional physical deposits may occur when much harder water is used, but no attempt is made to predict their likely effects, since these have been found to b
25、e very inconsistent. In general, the harder the water, the higher the level of deposition and the greater the detrimental effect on the flammability properties of fabrics. It has to be realized, however, that water with much higher hardness levels than 160 mg/l specified are commonly found in the Un
26、ited Kingdom. There may be small reductions in the flammability performance especially of fabrics with “add on” finishes when these are washed in such hard water, but it has not been found possible to devise a reliable and consistent procedure leading to a meaningful measure of this reduction. On fa
27、brics examined so far, such a reduction, even at the highest level, has been shown not to lead to a performance as hazardous as would have been encountered had the fabrics not been treated with an appropriate finish. This interaction means that these procedures do not necessarily accurately predict
28、the flammability performance of fabrics after domestic washing in very hard water (320 mg/l). Additionally, no account is taken in any of these procedures of the effect of use between wetting or cleansing which is known in certain instances to affect flammability performance. Finally, there are many
29、 fabrics available which are made from fibres whose properties are accepted as being unaffected by continued cleansing and wetting. If it is likely that fabrics used in particular end uses for which specifications are being prepared may be produced from such fibres (e.g. pure finish polyamide, polye
30、ster or modacrylic), then the performance specification may exclude specific and closely defined fibres from assessment after treatment by the procedures which have been shown to have no effect. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of Briti
31、sh Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover.
32、 This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. iv blank BS 5651:1978 BSI 07-19991 1 Scope This British Standard specifies laboratory procedures for cleansing and wetting textile f
33、abrics and fabric assemblies. The effects of these procedures on the flammability performance of the materials can be tested by the methods given in BS 5438. Depending on the performance requirements, fabrics may be tested accordingly to BS 5438 both before and after being subjected to the procedure
34、s specified in the present standard. These procedures may also be applicable where methods other than those given in BS 5438 are used to assess flammability. 2 References The titles of the standards publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 3 Principle Specimens
35、intended for testing by one or more of the methods given in BS 5438 are subjected to the appropriate procedure as specified in the relevant performance specification or according to end use. The fabric involved may, if it is required by the performance specification, be tested according to BS 5438 b
36、oth before and/or after treatment in accordance with this standard in order to produce comparative values of flammability. 4 Water soaking procedure 4.1 General. This procedure is applicable to those fabrics which would not normally be subjected to water or to dry cleaning in use, but which might be
37、 subjected to spot cleaning or casual rinsing, e.g. under a tap. It is also used as a preliminary treatment to the dry cleaning procedure in order to remove water soluble finishes which, in use, may be affected by wetting. 4.2 Reagents. The following reagents are required. 4.2.1 Water, of 160 20 mg/
38、l hardness (expressed as calcium carbonate) at a temperature of 40 3 C, from one of the following sources. a) Supply water of 160 20 mg/l hardness. b) Supply water of higher than 180 mg/l hardness and diluted to 160 20 mg/l with water of a lower hardness. c) Supply water of known initial hardness of
39、 n mg/l, where n is less than 140 mg/l and artificially hardened to 160 20 mg/l. To 5 litres of the water add 500 ml of the calcium chloride solution (4.2.2) and follow this with 500 ml of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (4.2.3) and then sufficient of the water to give a total of 10 0.1 litre
40、s. 4.2.2 Calcium chloride hexahydrate,43.8 (160 n) mg/l solution in water of hardness n mg/l. 4.2.3 Sodium hydrogen carbonate, 33.6 (160 n) mg/l solution in water of hardness n mg/l. 4.2.4 Non-ionic wetting agent NOTEThe exact nature of this reagent is not critical. 4.3 Apparatus. The following appa
41、ratus is required. 4.3.1 Flat-bottomed dish 4.3.2 Iron or press, to be used at a temperature setting not exceeding 120 C. 4.4 Specimens. Use sufficient material to permit subsequent preparation of test specimens of the dimensions and number required for the method of test for flammability. 4.5 Proce
42、dure. Using a liquor ratio of 1 : 20, immerse each specimen in water (4.2.1) containing 0.5 g/l of non-ionic wetting agent (4.2.4) in the flat-bottomed dish (4.3.1) at an initial temperature of 40 1 C. After 30 min, remove the specimen, rinse in the water (4.2.1) using a liquor ratio of 1 : 20 for 2
43、 min, partially dry the specimens by any method suitable for the fabric type and then iron or press them at a temperature setting not exceeding 120 C. 5 Dry cleaning procedure 5.1 General. This procedure is applicable to those fabrics which would normally be subjected to a dry cleaning procedure. A
44、preliminary water soak (see 4.1) is also specified to remove water soluble finishes which, in use, may be affected by wetting. 5.2 Reagents. The reagents specified in 4.2.2 of BS 4961:1973 and the following are required. 5.2.1 Water, of 160 20 mg/l hardness (4.2.1), with 0.5 g/l non-ionic wetting ag
45、ent (4.2.4). 5.3 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required. 5.3.1 Flat-bottomed dish 5.3.2 Dry cleaning apparatus, as specified in 4.2.1 of BS 4961:1973. 5.4 Specimens. Use sufficient material to permit subsequent preparation of test specimens of the dimensions and number required for the metho
46、d of test for flammability. 5.5 Procedure 5.5.1 Water soak. Treat each specimen in accordance with clause 4. 5.5.2 Dry cleaning. Subject each specimen to a total of six dry cleaning and finishing procedures as specified in BS 4961 using the machine procedure appropriate to the fabric being tested. B
47、S 5651:1978 2 BSI 07-1999 6 Domestic washing procedures 6.1 General. This procedure is applicable to those fabrics which would normally be subjected to a water wash treatment in use. Two washing procedures are provided, appropriate to different types of fabric, as follows. a) Domestic wash procedure
48、 40, carried out at a temperature of 40 C and using a gentle wash rhythm (see 6.3.1) and a lighter load. b) Domestic wash procedure 50, carried out at a temperature of 50 C and using a normal wash rhythm (see 6.3.1) and a greater load. 6.2 Reagents. The following reagents are required. 6.2.1 Water,
49、of 160 20 mg/l hardness, as specified in 4.2.1. 6.2.2 IEC test detergent with perborate, type 11), of the following formulation: 6.3 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required. 6.3.1 Washing machine2), of the horizontal cylindrical rotating-cage type, provided with an automatic reversing mechanism and with an integral means of centrifuging. It shall reverse once every 5 revolutions to 15 revolutions and shall be capable of operating at both a normal wash rhythm, where the ratio of the period of agitation to the period of rest lies betwee