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1、ANSI N42.46-2008 American National Standard for Determination of the Imaging Performance of X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Systems for Cargo and Vehicle Security Screening IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 19 August 2008 Accredited by the American National Standards Institute Sponsored by the Nat
2、ional Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42 N42.46 Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 31, 2008 at 12:36 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with I
3、EEELicensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 02/01/2009 00:28:42 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 31, 2008 at 12:36 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The In
4、stitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 02/01/2009 00:28:42 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI N42.46-2008 American National Standard for Determination o
5、f the Imaging Performance of X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Systems for Cargo and Vehicle Security Screening Sponsor National Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42 Accredited by the American National Standards Institute Secretariat Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Approved 19 May 2
6、008 American National Standards Institute Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 31, 2008 at 12:36 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=HP
7、Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 02/01/2009 00:28:42 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Abstract: This standard is intended to be used to determine the imaging performance of x-ray and gamma-ray systems utilized to inspect loaded or empty vehicles, includi
8、ng personal and commercial vehicles of any type; marine and air cargo containers of any size; railroad cars; and palletized or unpalletized cargo larger than 1 m 1 m in cross-section. Keywords: cargo/vehicle security screening, contrast sensitivity, gamma ray, imaging performance, penetration, spati
9、al resolution, wire detection, x-ray The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2008 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 19 August 2008. Printed in the United States of Am
10、erica. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1-978-750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on Oc
11、tober 31, 2008 at 12:36 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 02/01/2009 00:28:42 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license
12、from IHS -,-,- Introduction This introduction is not part of ANSI N42.46-2008, American National Standard for Determination of the Imaging Performance of X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Systems for Cargo and Vehicle Security Screening. This standard is the responsibility of the Accredited American Standards Com
13、mittee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42. The standard was approved by the N42 letter ballot of November 2007January 2008. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply
14、compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these
15、 documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self- regulation, standardization, and the prom
16、otion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be
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18、en in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the addr
19、ess listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/r
20、eading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. v Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 31, 2008 at 12:36 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The In
21、stitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 02/01/2009 00:28:42 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the
22、following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence
23、 or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions pro
24、vided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely th
25、eir own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 31, 2008 at 12:36 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The Institu
26、te of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 02/01/2009 00:28:42 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Participants At the time it approved this standard, the Accredited S
27、tandards Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42, had the following membership: Michael P. Unterweger, Chair Louis Costrell, Deputy Chair William Ash, Administrative Secretary Organization Represented.Name of Representative Bartlett Services .Morgan Cox Canberra Markku Koskelo Chew, M.H .Jack M.
28、 Selby Commerce Dept, U.S. NIST Michael P. Unterweger Louis Costrell (Alt.) Consultant Frank X. Masse Department of Homeland Security .Peter Shebell Entergy-ANO .Ron Schwartz Health Physics Society .Sandy Perle IEEE Louis Costrell .Anthony Spurgin (Alt.) .Michael P. Unterweger (Alt.) International M
29、edcom Don Sythe Lawrence Berkeley National Lab .Edward J. Lampo Lawrence Livermore National Lab .Gary Johnson NASA, GSFC . R. Sachidananda Babu Nuclear Regulatory Commission Cynthia Jones Nuclear Standards Unlimited .Al N. Tschaeche Oak Ridge National Laboratory .Peter J. Chiaro, Jr. .Charles Britto
30、n (Alt.) ORTEC Ronald M. Keyser Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .Richard Kouzes Swinth Associates .Kenneth L. Swinth U.S. Army Edward Groeber U.S. Nuclear Regulatory CommissionCynthia G. Jones Members-At-Large .Ernesto Corte .Joseph C. McDonald .Paul L. Phelps .Joseph Stencel .Lee J. Wagner vi
31、i Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 31, 2008 at 12:36 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=H
32、P Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 02/01/2009 00:28:42 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- viii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. At the time this standard was completed, Subcommittee N42.HSI had the following membership: Morgan Cox, Chair Michael P
33、. Unterweger, Vice Chair Paul Bailey Peter J. Chairo, Jr David Gilliam Mark Hoover Cynthia G. Jones Ronald Keyser Richard Kouzes Joseph C. McDonald Leticia Pibida Brian Rees Peter Shebell David Trombino At the time this standard was completed, the ANSI N42.46 Working Group had the following membersh
34、ip: Raymond D. Mintz, Chair Jim Lamers, Vice Chair Curtis Bell Paul M. Bergstrom Greg Budner Tom Cassidy Frank Cerra Michael W. Curtin Andy Dancisin Robert Frankle Gordon Gillerman Nick Gillett Larry Hudson Siraj Khan Kevin Keaty John LaRegina Roland Liu Roy Lindquist Luke McCormick Brian Mee Rex Ri
35、chardson Fred Roder Wade Sapp Steve Seltzer Mark Torbek David Waters Stacy G. Wright Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 31, 2008 at 12:36 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided
36、 by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 02/01/2009 00:28:42 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 2 1.2 Purpose 2 2. Definitions 2 3. General considerations . 4 3.1 Special word usage 4 4.
37、 Performance measurement procedures . 4 4.1 General requirements . 4 4.2 Standard test conditions . 4 4.3 Radiation field measurements 5 4.4 Documentation . 6 4.5 Image quality measurement objectives and scope . 7 4.6 Test object positions 7 4.7 Penetration . 8 4.8 Spatial resolution . 10 4.9 Wire d
38、etection 12 4.10 Contrast sensitivity 13 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 16 Annex B (informative) Documentation for Image-Quality measurements . 17 Annex C (informative) Representative test fixtures . 26 ix Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stepha
39、nie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 31, 2008 at 12:36 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 02/01/2009 00:28:42 MSTNo reproduction or networki
40、ng permitted without license from IHS -,-,- American National Standard for Determination of the Imaging Performance of X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Systems for Cargo and Vehicle Security Screening IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to assure safety, security, health, or environmental protection
41、in all circumstances. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaim
42、ers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview This
43、standard is organized according to the following list: Clause 1 provides the scope and purpose of this standard. Clause 2 provides definitions for those users not familiar with x-ray and gamma-ray systems and/or their application to cargo and vehicle security screening. Clause 3 sets forth the gener
44、al considerations necessary for application of this standard, including special word usage, environmental factors, safety requirements and installation code compatibility. Clause 4 describes the requisite test conditions, documentation, test objects, test-object locations and test procedures to meas
45、ure imaging performance in terms of penetration, spatial resolution, wire detection, and contrast sensitivity. Annex A provides an informative list of references. Annex B provides example data sheets to record the results of the imaging tests conducted according to this standard. Annex C illustrates test fixtures. 1 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on October 31, 2008 at 12:36 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and