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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS 6100-2.2.2: 1999 ICS 0
2、1.040.93; 93.020 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Glossary of building and civil engineering terms Part 2: Civil engineering Section 2.2: Substructures, earthworks, foundations, tunnels Subsection 2.2.2: Substructures and foundations Licensed Copy: sheffieldun s
3、heffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:17:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.2:1999 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into ef
4、fect on 15 February 1999 BSI 02-1999 First published December 1990 Second edition February 1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference B/500 Draft for comment 98/107162 DC ISBN 0 580 28238 4 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateText affected
5、Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee B/500, Basic data, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Building Engineers Construction Confederation Department of the Environment, Transport an
6、d the Regions Construction Directorate Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers Meteorological Office National Building Specification Ltd National Council of Building Material Producers National House-building Council The following bodies were also represented in the drafti
7、ng of the standard, through Subcommittee B/500/4, Terminology: Brick Development Association British Waterways Board Clay Pipe Development Association Ltd Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions Construction Directorate Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions Centra
8、l Transport Group Federation of Plastering and Drywall Contractors Glass and Glazing Federation Guild of Architectural Ironmongers Gypsum Products Development Association National Council of Building Material Producers Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Ti
9、mber Trade Federation Water UK Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:17:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.2:1999 BSI 02-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii 222 1Base terms1 222 2Substructures: general1 222 3Foundations a
10、nd piles2 222 4Design and loadings5 222 5Piling operations6 222 6Piling plant and equipment7 Bibliography9 Index10 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:17:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii BSI 02-1999 BS 6100-2.2.2:1999 Foreword This subsection of part 2 of BS 610
11、0 has been prepared by Technical Committee B/500. It supersedes BS 6100-2.2.2:1990 which is withdrawn. This subsection covers that branch of civil engineering concerned with the planning, design and construction of earthworks and works below ground level. As far as possible the definitions in this s
12、ubsection of BS 6100 are technically equivalent to those in BS 8004. However, it has been necessary to change some terms and definitions to ensure that they are acceptable for general use and are in accordance with current practice. The need for consistency throughout the glossary has also involved
13、changes in type and format to terms and definitions included in other existing British Standards. The general introduction to and explanation of this glossary is given in BS 6100-0, which itemizes the parts and sections into which this glossary is divided and provides a general alphabetical index of
14、 all the terms in the sections and subsections already published. Those using individual sections of this glossary are urged to consult BS 6100-0 when doing so. The other sections of this part are as follows: 2.1 Structural design and elements; 2.3 Superstructures Bridges Large span structures; 2.4
15、Highway and railway engineering; 2.5 Hydraulic engineering and construction work; 2.6 Natural waters Inland. Coastal Marine; 2.7 Public health Environmental engineering; 2.8 Pipelines Ducts. The other subsections in this section are as follows: 2.2.1 Earthworks; 2.2.3 Tunnels. Terms are listed alpha
16、betically in the index and are referred to by numbers which are found against the term in the body of the subsection. They are arranged in a classified order, each term having an individual number consisting of seven digits in two parts, the first of three digits, the second of four. The first three
17、 digits represent the number of the part, section and subsection. The fourth digit represents the group of terms, the fifth digit represents the subgroup of terms (in this case, the fifth digit is 0 as there is no subdivision into subgroups) and the last two digits represent the place within the sub
18、group. Alternative terms are given in medium type below the preferred term with their status indicated, e.g. deprecated. These terms are not individually numbered, but are included in the index with a reference to the preferred term. Terms of more than one word, e.g. cohesive soil, are written in a
19、direct style, not as, e.g. soil, cohesive. The inverted term is included in the index with a reference to the direct term. It is to be noted that, while this subsection deals with the more basic terms connected with civil engineering, many of the head terms relating to more specific aspects will occ
20、ur only in the other, relevant sections. Conversely it has been considered necessary to repeat in this subsection certain terms from BS 6100-1.0. Where this occurs, the definitions of such terms are preceded by an asterisk (*). Bold words in definitions indicate terms that are defined elsewhere in t
21、his subsection. A British Standard does not purport to include all necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This documen
22、t comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 11 and a back cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:17:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.2:1999 BSI 02-19991 * This term and its definition are repeated from BS 6100-1.0. N
23、o.TermDefinition 2221Base terms 222 1001foundation*construction to transmit forces to the supporting ground 222 1002substructure*part of a structure wholly or mainly below the level of the adjoining ground or a given level 222 1003pile*slender structural member substantially underground intended to
24、transmit forces into loadbearing strata below the surface of the ground 222 1004piled foundationfoundation that incorporates one or more piles 2222 Substructures: general 222 2001air deckairtight platform in a caisson or shaft for compressed air working 222 2002air lock*enclosed space with two doors
25、, situated between two environments with different air conditions, that makes it possible to pass from one environment to the other without significant disturbance to either NOTEIn tunnels and caissons the expression different air conditions refers to different air pressures. 222 2003Gowering lockve
26、rtical air lock that has separate chambers for materials and personnel 222 2004caissonhollow structure with substantial impervious walls that comprises one or more cells and is sunk through ground or water to form the permanent shell of a deep foundation 222 2005compressed air caisson pneumatic cais
27、son (deprecated) caisson, provided with an air deck and air lock, that forms a sealed but accessible chamber, in which air can be maintained above atmospheric pressure to exclude water and within which operatives can excavate to facilitate sinking and carry out other construction work 222 2006box ca
28、issoncaisson that is closed at the bottom and open to the atmosphere at the top 222 2007open caisson cylinder (deprecated) caisson that is open both at the top and at the bottom 222 2008choker ringbottom section of a caisson including its cutting edge, of larger external horizontal dimensions than t
29、he remainder of the caisson 222 2009blow outsudden major escape of compressed air from a tunnel or caisson, often accompanied by an in-rush of soil and water Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:17:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.2:1999 2 BSI 02-1999 *
30、This term and its definition are repeated from BS 6100-1.0. No.TermDefinition 222 2010blow downreduction in air pressure in a compressed air caisson to overcome the resistance to sinking 222 2011diaphragm wallconcrete wall constructed in a trench temporarily supported by bentonite suspension 222 201
31、2barrettediscrete length of diaphragm wall, usually short, or a number of interconnecting lengths cast simultaneously used, to support vertical and/or lateral loads 222 2013ground beambeam in a substructure that transmits a load to a pile, pad foundation or other foundation 222 2014legsupport in an
32、underpinning that forms part of the permanent work 222 2015tankingimpervious membrane used to prevent the infiltration of subsurface water 222 2016kentledgematerial used as temporary loading 222 2017grillageassembly of beams in layers placed at right angles to each other to distribute or concentrate
33、 a load 222 2018cribtemporary framework or layers of horizontal members that transfer a vertical load from one level to another 2223 Foundations and piles 222 3001pad foundationseparate foundation that spreads a concentrated load 222 3002raft foundation*foundation in the form of a continuous structu
34、ral concrete slab that extends over the whole base of a structure and sometimes beyond 222 3003piled raftfoundation formed of piles and a raft foundation that act together 222 3004pile cap*construction at the head of one or more piles that transmits forces from a structure to one or several piles 22
35、2 3005strip foundation*long narrow foundation usually horizontal 222 3006widestrip foundationstrip foundation of such width that transverse reinforcement is necessary 222 3007trench fill foundationfoundation formed by backfilling with loadbearing concrete a narrow mechanically excavated trench 222 3
36、008Deleted Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:17:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BSI 02-19993 BS 6100-2.2.2:1999 No.TermDefinition 222 3009footingstepped construction to spread the load at the foot of a wall or column 222 3010settlementdownward movement of a soil
37、 or of a structure that it supports 222 3011displacement pilepile formed in the ground without excavation or removal of material from the ground 222 3012driven pilepile forced into the ground by hammering, vibration or static pressure, the soil being displaced by the pile 222 3013driven cast-in-plac
38、e pilepile installed by driving a closed end concrete shell or permanent or temporary pile casing, and filling the hole so formed with plain or reinforced concrete 222 3014totally preformed piledriven pile manufactured or assembled above ground level 222 3015precast piletotally preformed pile of rei
39、nforced or prestressed concrete cast in one length, or a series of joined lengths 222 3016segmental piletotally preformed pile formed from short lengths of precast concrete units 222 3017timber piletotally preformed pile of timber 222 3018steel piletotally preformed pile of steel 222 3019H-pilesteel
40、 pile of rolled steel H-section 222 3020box pilesteel pile of hollow steel section 222 3021pipe pile tubular pile (deprecated) cylindrical box pile 222 3022screw piledisplacement pile with a limited number of helices at its base installed under the combined action of torque and vertical thrust 222 3
41、023bored pilepile formed in the ground by boring 222 3024small diameter bored pile bored pile with a diameter of 600 mm or less 222 3025large diameter bored pile bored pile with a diameter greater than 600 mm 222 3026percussive bored pilebored pile in which the hole is cut by percussive means 222 30
42、27rotary bored pilebored pile in which the hole is formed by using an excavating tool mounted on a kelly bar 222 3028augered pilebored pile in which an auger is used to form a bored hole 222 3029straight shafted augered pile augered pile without enlarged base Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun,
43、na, Tue Dec 05 01:17:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.2:1999 4 BSI 02-1999 * This term and its definition are repeated from BS 6100-1.0. No.TermDefinition 222 3030underreamed pile belled pile (deprecated) large diameter bored pile that has an enlarged base formed by undercut
44、ting 222 3031continuous flight auger pile bored pile formed by means of a hollow stemmed continuous flight auger through the stem of which concrete or grout is pumped as the auger is extracted 222 3032end bearing pile*pile that transmits forces to the ground mainly by compression on its base 222 303
45、3enlarged base pilepile formed to have a cross-sectional base area greater than that of its shaft 222 3034friction pile*pile that transmits forces to the ground mainly by friction between the surface of the pile and the adjacent ground 222 3035jacked pilepile pressed into soil by means of static for
46、ce 222 3036king pilepile installed prior to forming an excavation to provide intermediate support for the strutting system to the sides of the excavation 222 3037soldier pilevertical member that supports wallings or horizontal poling boards 222 3038needle pilesmall diameter pile, of cast-in-place re
47、inforced concrete, steel tube or bar drilled or driven through and connected to existing foundations or substructure, into the surrounding soil to improve structural stability 222 3039mini pilesmall pile, usually of less than 300 mm diameter, installed using lightweight equipment 222 3040working pil
48、epile that forms part of a foundation 222 3041composite pilepile, constructed to suit particular conditions, using more than one piling method 222 3042raking pile batter pile (deprecated) pile installed at an inclination to the vertical 222 3043tension pile anchor pile (deprecated) pile that is desi
49、gned to resist a tensile force 222 3044trial pilepile installed to assess the practicability and suitability of the construction method for a particular application 222 3045test pilepile to which a load is applied to determine the resistance deformation characteristics of the pile and the surrounding ground Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:17:17 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BSI 02-19995 BS 6100-2.2.2:1999 No.TermDefinition 222 3046constant rate of penetration pile test method of test in which