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1、IEEE Std 1647-2008 (Revision of IEEE Std 1647-2006) IEEE Standard for the Functional Verification Language e IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 3 August 2008 IEEE Computer Society Sponsored by the Design Automation Standards Committee 1647 TM Copyright The Institute of Electrical and El
2、ectronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 10/26/2008 01:56:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Prov
3、ided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 10/26/2008 01:56:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE Std 1647-2008 (Revision of IEEE Std 1647-2006) IEEE Standard for the Functional Verification Langua
4、ge e Sponsor Design Automation Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Approved 9 May 2008 IEEE SA-Standards Board Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale,
5、10/26/2008 01:56:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2008 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Pub
6、lished 3 August 2008. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Copyright The Insti
7、tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 10/26/2008 01:56:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ivCopyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Intro
8、duction The e functional verification language is an application-specific programming language aimed at the problem of verifying functional correctness of hardware and software designs. Simply stated, functional verification attempts to provide a quantitative answer to the question: How well does th
9、e design match the functional specification? Functional correctness of chip designs grew in criticality from the mid-1980s. As design complexity kept growing, ad hoc testing methods ran out of steam and a more systematic verification approach was necessary. Manually constructed test suites, the earl
10、y method of choice, became both uneconomical and ineffective when scaled up. As a result, many companies supplemented manual test suites with pseudo- random generation of input stimulus. Such test generation programs were typically built for a particular project or a particular architecture. They tu
11、rned out to be expensive to develop and maintain, but once functional, they would clean up the design in a very thorough way. A key observation made by Yoav Hollander, the creator of e, was that verification environments of different projects have a lot in common and yet each verification environmen
12、t is structured to match a particular design specification. Hollanders solution was to create a language that had verification-specific constructs as primitives and the full capabilities of a high-level language for customization. In particular, pseudo- random test generation became a built-in capab
13、ility of the language. Early prototypes of the language were experimented with as early as 1993, showing significant productivity gains. The e language was productized by Verisity, Ltd., in 1996, as part of a functional verification tool suite. The proliferation of the e language and the growing inv
14、estment in e-based intellectual property (IP) compelled the creation of the e steering committee in June of 2002, composed of individuals from Texas Instruments, Rambus, ST Microelectronics, Cisco, Intel, Axis System, STARC, and Verisity. The e steering committee recommended the e language be standa
15、rdized through the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Accepting the recommendation, Verisity released the rights to the language to the IEEE in June of 2003. The e language, in its current form, brings together concepts from many domains. e has a basic object-oriented (OO) pro
16、gramming model, with implicit memory management and single inheritance. In this, e is similar to Java.a Beyond objects, e supports aspects, which can be viewed as layers cutting across multiple objects. Adding an aspect to an existing program refines the program by introducing a coherent change to a
17、 plurality of objects. e supports constraints as object features. Constraints are used to refine object modeling. The execution model of the language involves resolving constraint systems and picking random values that would satisfy constraint systems. e is a strongly typed language, like Pascal and
18、 Modula. e has concurrency constructs and modeling blocks for hierarchical composition, similar to hardware description languages like Verilog b(see IEEE Std 1364)c and VHDL (see IEC/IEEE 61691-1-1). Concurrency in e is synchronous, like in Esterel. e contains a temporal language that borrows from L
19、inear Temporal Logic and Interval Temporal Logic. aJava is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. bVerilog is a registered trademark of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. cInformation on references can be found in Clause 2. This introduction is not part of IEEE Std
20、 1647-2008, IEEE Standard for the Functional Verification Language e. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 10/26/2008 01:56:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking p
21、ermitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved.v e has many built-in constructs aimed at simplifying common programming tasks; built-in support for lists and hashes; and pattern matching and string- and file-manipulation features, which are borrowed from Perl.d The
22、e syntax is extendable with a powerful macro capability. This combination of concepts caters directly to the needs of verification engineers, removing the need to cobble together multiple components in different languages. As with any programming language, the source of ingenuity is with the program
23、mer. Verification engineers need sound methodologies, creativity, an inquisitive mind, and a keen eye for poorly specified aspects. Yet experience with e shows that when put to good use, the e language fosters productivity and quality results. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these docu
24、ments should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does
25、not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These in
26、clude both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in co
27、pyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at
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29、 the IEEE Standards Association Web site at http:/ ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA Web site at http:/standards.ieee.org.
30、 Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. dPerl is a registered trademark of Perl, Inc. Copyright The Institute of El
31、ectrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 10/26/2008 01:56:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- viCopyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Interpretations
32、 Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no
33、 position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. A patent holder or patent applicant has filed a statement of assurance that it will grant licenses under these rights without compensation or under reasonable rates, with reasonable terms and c
34、onditions that are demonstrably free of any unfair discrimination to applicants desiring to obtain such licenses. Other Essential Patent Claims may exist for which a statement of assurance has not been received. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license
35、may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims, or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users o
36、f this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Participants At the time this standard was submit
37、ted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the following members and observers were part in the e Functional Verification Language Working Group: Andrew Piziali, Chair Joe Daniels, Technical Editor The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters ma
38、y have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Cristian Amitroaie Ronald A. Bow Serrie Chapman Sandeep Desai Iraklis Diamantidis Stylianos Diamantidis Darren Galpin Ann Germany Joseph Hupcey III Yaron Kashai Michael T. McNamara Michael K. Stellfox Mark Strickland Matan Vax Henry Von Bank Cha
39、ru Aggarwal Victor Berman Kai Moon Chow Keith Chow S. Claassen Sandeep Desai Thomas Dineen Darren Galpin Allan Gillard Randall Groves M. Hashmi Werner Hoelzl Joseph Hupcey III Piotr Karocki Yaron Kashai Daniel Lindberg Michael T. McNamara Andrew Piziali Iulian Profir Bartien Sayogo Mark Strickland W
40、alter Struppler Srinivasa Vemuru Janusz Zalewski Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 10/26/2008 01:56:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without lice
41、nse from IHS -,-,- Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved.vii When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 9 May 2008, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Thomas Prevost, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary *Member Emeritus Also included
42、are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Michael H. Kelly, NIST Representative Lorraine Patsco IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Michael D. Kipness IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Victor Berm
43、an Richard DeBlasio Andy Drozd Mark Epstein Alexander Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Kenneth S. Hanus Jim Hughes Richard H. Hulett Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Chuck Powers Narayanan Ramachandran Jon Walter Rosdahl Ann
44、e-Marie Sahazizian Malcolm V. Thaden Howard L. Wolfman Don Wright Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 10/26/2008 01:56:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permi
45、tted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 10/26/2008 01:56:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
46、-,-,- Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved.ix Contents 1.Overview 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose. 1 1.3 Verification environments . 2 1.4 Basic concepts relating to this standard. 3 1.5 Conventions used. 8 1.6 Use of color in this standard 10 1.7 Contents of this standard 10 2.Normative references. 1
47、3 3.Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 13 3.1 Definitions . 13 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations . 15 4.e basics. 17 4.1 Lexical conventions. 17 4.2 Syntactic elements . 24 4.3 Struct hierarchy and name resolution 30 4.4 Ranges 36 4.5 Operator precedence 37 4.6 Evaluation order of expressions. 38
48、 4.7 Bitwise operators . 38 4.8 Boolean operators 40 4.9 Arithmetic operators 42 4.10 Comparison operators 43 4.11 String matching 47 4.12 Extraction and concatenation operators. 49 4.13 Scalar modifiers. 53 4.14 Parentheses. 54 4.15 list.method() 54 4.16 Special-purpose operators 55 5.Data types 59 5.1 e data types. 59 5.2 Untyped expressions 64 5.3 Assignment rules 65 5.4 Precision rules for numeric operations 68 5.5 Automatic type casting 70 5.6 Defining and extending scalar types 70 5.7 Type-related constructs 73 6.Structs, subtypes, and field