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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 6090:1981 ISO 1757:1980 Specification for Personal photographic dosemeters UDC 539.1.074.86:614.876 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 04:16:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6090:1981 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direct
2、ion of the Nuclear Engineering Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Executive Board and comes into effect on 27 February 1981 BSI 12-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference NCE/2 Draft for comment 78/75081 DC ISBN 0 580 1188
3、7 8 Cooperating organizations The Nuclear Engineering Standards Committee, under whose direction this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following: Association of Consulting Engineers* British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association (BEAMA) British Insurance
4、(Atomic Energy) Committee Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales* Health and Safety Executive* Institution of Nuclear Engineers* Lloyds Register of Shipping National Radiological Protection Board* Radiochemical Centre Scientific Instrument Manufacturers Association* United Kingdom Atomic E
5、nergy Authority* Water-tube Boilermakers Association The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the Technical Committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard: AERE Harwell Association of University Protecti
6、on Officers Association of X-ray Equipment Manufacturers British Institute of Radiology British Ship Research Association British Steel Industry Department of Industry (National Physical Laboratory) Electronic Engineering Association Hospital Physicists Association Institute of Physics Ministry of D
7、efence Society for Radiological Protection Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.Date of issueComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 04:16:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6090:1981 BSI 12-1999i Contents Page Cooperating organizationsInside front cover
8、National forewordii 1Scope and field of application1 2References1 3Definitions1 4Description3 5Classification and designation3 6Specifications4 7Test procedure6 8Identification10 9Marking and accompanying documentation10 Publications referred toInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldu
9、n, na, Tue Dec 05 04:16:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6090:1981 ii BSI 12-1999 National foreword This British Standard is identical with ISO 1757:1980 “Personal photographic dosemeters” and it has been prepared under the direction of the Nuclear Engineering Standards Committee. Th
10、e United Kingdom has taken part in the discussion in Technical Committee TC 85 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that resulted in the preparation of ISO 1757:1980. Terminology and conventions. The text of the International Standard has been accepted as suitable for publicat
11、ion as a British Standard without deviation. Some terminology and certain conventions are not identical with those used in British Standards; attention is especially drawn to the following: The comma has been used throughout as a decimal marker. In British Standards it is current practice to use a f
12、ull point on the baseline as the decimal marker. Wherever the words “International Standard” or “ISO 1757” appear, referring to this standard, they should be read as “British Standard” and “BS 6090” respectively. NOTEMarking BS 6090 on or in relation to a product is a claim by the manufacturer that
13、the product has been manufactured in accordance with the requirements of the standard. The accuracy of such a claim is therefore solely the manufacturers responsibility. Enquiries as to the availability of third party certification to support such claims should be addressed to the Director, British
14、Standards Institution, Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 4SQ in the case of certification marks administered by BSI or to the appropriate authority for other certification marks. NOTETextual error. When adopting the text of the International Standard, the error given below was noticed. It
15、has been reported to ISO in a proposal to amend the text of the International Standard. In the note to 3.3, the equation should be read as 1R = 2,58 104 C/kg A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for thei
16、r correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Cross-references International StandardCorresponding British Standard ISO 5:1974BS 1384:1947 Measurement of photographic transmission density (Technically equivalent) ISO 4037:1979BS
17、5869:1980 Specification for X and reference radiations for calibrating dosemeters and dose ratemeters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy (Identical) Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 12, an inside
18、back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 04:16:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) B
19、SI BS 6090:1981 BSI 12-19991 1 Scope and field of application This International Standard specifies the classification, characteristics and test procedures for personal photographic dosemeters1) used to determine absorbed doses due to X or gamma radiations with an energy less than 3 MeV; absorbed do
20、ses due to beta radiations with maximum energy from 0,6 MeV to 3 MeV, whether or not this radiation be accompanied by X, gamma or bremsstrahlung photon radiation. This International Standard is particularly applicable to dosemeters intended to be carried on the chest or wrist. It is also applicable
21、to dosemeters carried on the fingers and used in the presence of these types of radiation. However, certain specifications should be adapted or supplemented according to the special requirements for these dosemeters. Dosemeters equipped with fluorescent intensifying screens will be the subject of ad
22、ditional specifications, particularly regarding reciprocity defects. Some requirements of this International Standard may also be applicable to photographic dosemeters for thermal neutrons, whether or not they are mixed with X or gamma radiation. A supplement will specify the requirements which have
23、 to be adapted or supplemented to satisfy the special requirements for these dosemeters. This International Standard is not applicable without restriction to dosemeters used to determine the absorbed doses due to sources of pulsed radiation (for example, accelerators), or to dosemeters used in signi
24、ficant fields of fast neutrons.2) It is not applicable to nuclear track emulsions. NOTEThe term “dosemeter” is used in the text of this International Standard to mean “personal photographic dosemeter” in every instance that the complete instrument, as it may be used in practice, is concerned and the
25、 word “dose” is used instead of “absorbed dose” for purposes of simplification. 2 References ISO 5, Photography Determination of diffuse transmission density. ISO 4037, X and reference radiations for calibrating dosemeters and dose ratemeters for determining their response as a function of photon en
26、ergy. 3 Definitions 3.1 personal photographic dosemeter dosemeter comprising a) one or more photographic emulsions which, after measurement of the optical density and interpretation of the result, to assess the dose on that part of the body where the dosemeter is worn; b) filters; c) protective wrap
27、ping. 3.2 filter the part of the dosemeter that modifies the effect of various radiations on the emulsion, enabling on the one hand an assessment to be made of the dose and (in many cases) the energy of the radiation, and on the other hand a differentiation to be made between the various types of ra
28、diation 1) Personal photographic dosemeters are a particular class of individual dosemeters which represent a fraction of the existent absorbed dose measuring devices. 2) For many emulsions, 1 rem of fast neutrons causes the same density as does 200 4Gy of 1 MeV gamma radiation. Licensed Copy: sheff
29、ieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 04:16:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6090:1981 2 BSI 12-1999 3.3 kerma in air quotient of the sum of the initial energies of all the charged particles liberated by indirectly ionising particles in a volume element of air by the mass of air contain
30、ed in that volume element the unit for kerma in air is the gray (Gy) 1 Gy = 1 J/kg NOTEKerma in air is used instead of exposure whose unit was the rntgen (R) 1 R = 2,58,104 C/kg in the energy range under consideration, it is considered that: 1 Gy is equivalent to 115 R, so that 1 R is equivalent to
31、8,69 mGy. 3.4 absorbed dose D3) the quotient of the mean energy imparted to matter %ED in a volume element suitably small by the mass %m of that volume element the unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy): 1 Gy = 1 Jkg1 = 100 rd in this International Standard, the matter considered is air 3.5 calibrat
32、ion curve curve representing, for a given radiation, the value of the optical density of the emulsion expressed under given conditions as a function of the dose in air 3.6 optical density (transmission) the common logarithm of the ratio of the incident luminous flux to the luminous flux transmitted
33、by the sample 3.7 optical density (reflection) the common logarithm of the ratio of the luminous flux received by the sample at an incidence of 45 to the luminous flux perpendicularly diffused by the sample 3.8 latent image invisible change which occurs within the silver halide crystals when an emul
34、sion is exposed to an actinic radiation or to a radiation directly or indirectly ionising and which will “appear” upon processing to produce a visible silver image 3.9 stability of latent image property of the latent image to produce images through processing that are as identical to one another as
35、possible whatever the time period observed between their formation and development and whatever the ambient effects undergone during this period (temperature or humidity variation) 3.10 solarization an inversion phenomenon occurring past a certain exposure or a certain absorbed dose beyond which the
36、 densities obtained diminish instead of increasing 3.11 maximum beta energy (Emax) of a beta emitter the maximum value of the complete energy spectrum of the beta radiation associated with the considered source 3) Also more simply mentioned as “dose” in this International Standard. Licensed Copy: sh
37、effieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 04:16:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6090:1981 BSI 12-19993 4 Description Personal photographic dosemeters are generally made up of two parts: a) the film packet, consisting of a protective wrapping which protects the photosensitive part agains
38、t the effect of light as well as against outside chemical and mechanical agents; a photosensitive part enclosed in the protective wrapping from which it should not be removed before processing, and consisting of one or more emulsions coated on one or more thin bases. If several emulsions are used, t
39、hey may be either juxtaposed or superimposed on the same side of one base, or coated on both sides of one base or coated on different bases. b) one or more filters included in a holder either separate from the packer or combined with it. Each dosemeter should also have some means of identification (
40、see clause 8). 5 Classification and designation 5.1 Classification Personal photographic dosemeters can be classified as below: 5.1.1 Classification of dosemeters according to the dose scale Three principal classes can be distinguished according to the dose scale which the dosemeters are to accommod
41、ate: The range of doses frequently requires the dosemeters to contain several emulsions of different sensitivities. 5.1.2 Classification of dosemeters according to the radiation energy range Dosemeters can be assigned to one of the following five divisions on the basis of the radiation energy range
42、at which the dosemeter response meets the specifications in clause 6: 5.1.3 Classification of dosemeters according to their resistance to water vapour One of the two following categories applies to dosemeters, according to their resistance to water vapour: Class A: Dosemeters for monitoring in radio
43、logical protection able to be used for a range from about 200 4Gy to about 50 mGy (i.e. approximately 20 mR to 5 R). Class B: Dosemeters for monitoring in radiological protection able to be used for at least the range 600 4Gy to 4 Gya (i.e. approximately 60 mR to 400 R). Class C: Dosemeters for emer
44、gency use able to be used for a range from about 100 mGy to at least 10 Gy (i.e. approximately 10 R to at least 1 000 R). a This International Standard lays down the specifications of class B dosemeters for doses of between 600 4Gy and 4 Gy only. For doses above and below this range, the supplier sh
45、ould state the dosemeter characteristics see clause 6 b). Division 1:Dosemeters for X and * energies having a lower limit of about 250 keV, a range where the response is practically independent of the energy. Division 2:Dosemeters for all or part of the range of X and * energies from about 20 keV to
46、 about 250 keV, a range where the response is specifically dependent on the energy. Division 3:Dosemeters that can be used over the entire range of X and * energies from about 20 keV to 3 MeV. Division 4:Dosemeters designed for the measurement of beta radiation with maximum energies from 0,6 MeV to
47、3 MeV. Division 5:Dosemeters designed for the measurement of beta radiation with maximum energies from 1,5 MeV to 3 MeV. Category Wa:Dosemeters complying with the specifications of clause 6 j) (resistance to water vapour). Category Y:Dosemeters which do not comply with the specifications of clause 6
48、 j). a The dosemeters complying with these specifications generally have sufficient resistance to the penetration of chemical agents. Under certain working conditions, in the presence of a large quantity of substances such as mercury, ammonia, or hydrogen sulphide, or in hot or humid atmospheres, th
49、e dosemeters should comply with special requirements giving better sealing, verified for example by a mercury test. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 04:16:44 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6090:1981 4 BSI 12-1999 5.2 Designation Photographic dosemeters are designated by their class and division, by their category, and by the number of emulsions, followed by reference to this International Standard. Example of designation: Personal photographic dosemeter, B 1W, 3 emulsions, ISO 1757. 6 Specifications Characteri