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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 5525:1977 Specification for 35 mm microcopying of maps and plans UDC 778.14:912.43 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 13:49:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5525:1977 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Photog
2、raphic Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Executive Board on 30 December 1977 BSI 11-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PHS/16 Draft for comment 76/61552 DC ISBN 0 580 09657 2 Cooperating organizations The Photographi
3、c Standards Committee, under whose direction this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government department and scientific and industrial organizations: The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly r
4、epresented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard: Aslib*Graphic Reproduction Federation Association of Manufacturers and Suppliers forHer Majestys Stationery Office* the Graphic ArtsIlluminating Engineering Society Association of Photographic LaboratoriesInstitute
5、of Incorporated Photographers British Broadcasting Corporation*Institute of Reprographic Technology* British Kinematograph, Sound and TelevisionLighting Industry Federation SocietyMinistry of Defence* British Photographic ManufacturersPhotographic Dealers Association Association*Post Office* British
6、 Power Press ManufacturersRoyal Photographic Society AssociationScientific Instrument Manufacturers British Printing Industries FederationAssociation Drawing Office Material Manufacturers and Dealers Association* Association of Medical Records OfficersIndustrial Council for Educational Training Asso
7、ciation of Photographic Techniciansand Technology British Airways (European Division)Library Association British Airways (Overseas Division)London Transport Executive British Bankers AssociationMicrofilm Association of Great Britain British Railways BoardNational Coal Board Business Equipment Trade
8、AssociationNational Reprographic Centre for Civil Service Departmentdocumentation Department of Industry, Warren SpringOrdnance Survey LaboratoryPublic Services Microfilm Liaison Group Electricity Supply Industry in England andPublishers Association WalesRoyal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Elec
9、tronic Engineering AssociationSociety of British Aerospace Companies Engineering Equipment Users AssociationSociety of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Greater London Council Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.Date of issueComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 13:49
10、:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5525:1977 BSI 11-1999i Contents Page Cooperating organizationsInside front cover Forewordii 1Scope1 2References1 3Definitions1 4Originals suitable for microfilming3 5Microfilm4 6Density4 7Resolution4 8Quality of microfilm5 9Procedures for microfilmin
11、g5 10Sequence and numbering6 Appendix A Measurement of background density9 Appendix B Resolution test9 Appendix C Checking bow in microfilm9 Figure 1 Outer margin2 Figure 2 Test target5 Figure 3 Use of multiple frames for microfilming originals not more than 841 mm wide and more than 1 189 mm long7
12、Figure 4 Use of multiple frames for microfilming originals more than 841 mm but not more than 1 189 mm wide8 Figure 5 Use of multiple frames for microfilming originals more than 841 mm wide and more than 1 189 mm long8 Figure 6 Template for checking bow9 Table 1 Resolution5 Table 2 Paper sizes and r
13、eduction ratios7 Publications referred toInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 13:49:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5525:1977 ii BSI 11-1999 Foreword This British Standard applies only to 35 mm black-and-white silver microfilm. It sets out special
14、 requirements for preparing maps and plans which are likely to be microfilmed and specifies the procedure for microfilming them, whether or not they have been specially prepared. Microfilming maps and plans which have not been specially prepared may present difficulties if the quality of the origina
15、l is poor, if it uses colours which do not reproduce well or if its size and shape do not fit the recommended reduction ratios. This standard can give only general guidance on ways of overcoming these difficulties, which are too diverse to be dealt with in detail. Some people have already found ways
16、 of overcoming the particular difficulties they encounter; others may have to carry out experiments to find the best solution of a particular problem. Anyone concerned in the preparation of new maps will be well advised to see that they comply with the requirements of this standard so that they will
17、 be suitable for microfilming if this should become necessary. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity fr
18、om legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amend
19、ment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 13:49:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5525:1977 BSI 11-19991 1 Scope This British Standard specifies requirements for the preparation and microcopying in black-and- white of topographical ma
20、ps and plans, either for the production of prints or for viewing. Dimensioned drawings, which are the subject of BS 4210, are excluded. This standard also specifies procedures for maintaining and checking the reproducibility of microfilm images and the qualities of negatives made on 35 mm silver mic
21、rofilm from published maps or from originals prepared in accordance with the requirements of this standard. Background density, resolution and procedures for assessment are also specified. 2 References The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 3
22、 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard the following definitions apply. 3.1 background the area of the film corresponding to that part of the original on which no subject matter appears 3.2 base-plus-fog density the density of an unexposed but fully processed area of the film 3.3 bor
23、der the area of a map which lies between the neat line and the outermost line of the surrounding frame NOTESee Figure 1. 3.4 bow departure from physical flatness across the width of the film 3.5 curl departure from physical flatness along the length of the film 3.6 density diffuse density as defined
24、 in BS 1384. It always includes base-plus-fog density 3.7 frame that area of the film which is exposed by the camera 3.8 generation a measure of the remoteness of the copy from the original document. The film taken of the original is termed “first generation” microfilm (camera microfilm). Copies mad
25、e from this “first generation” are termed “second generation” and copies from the “second generation” are termed “third generation”, etc. 3.9 image that area within the frame which after exposure and processing contains the representation of the original 3.10 map a drawing providing a symbolized rep
26、resentation of selected features of the surface of the earth or of a celestial body 3.11 margin the area of a map which lies outside the border and which frequently contains legends and other marginal information NOTESee Figure 1. 3.12 neat line a line, usually grid or graticule, which encloses the
27、detail of a map NOTESee Figure 1. 3.13 negative-reading of microfilm which has clear images on an opaque background 3.14 original the drawing or document to be microfilmed 3.15 outer margin the area of a map sheet which lies outside the margin, i.e. the area of blank paper round the edge of the map
28、NOTESee Figure 1. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 13:49:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5525:1977 2 BSI 11-1999 Figure 1 Outer margin Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 13:49:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5525:1977 BSI 11
29、-19993 3.16 plan a detailed map at a scale large enough for the outlines of selected features to be shown at their true scale rather than by symbolization 3.17 positive-reading of microfilm which has opaque images on a clear background 3.18 reduction ratio (R) a measure of the number of times a line
30、ar dimension of an object is reduced when photographed and expressed as, for example, 1 : 30 3.19 test pattern a numbered group of two sets of five equally spaced parallel lines at right angles, as contained in the NBS (National Bureau of Standards) microcopy resolution test chart1) NOTESee BS 4657.
31、 3.20 test chart an arrangement of test patterns of increasing spatial frequency used for determining the resolution obtained in microcopying 4 Originals suitable for microfilming 4.1 Original. The original is normally either a copy of a published map, on film, plastic or paper, or a primary drawing
32、 produced by a draughtsman, by a tracer or by automated means. The drawing should, if appropriate, comply with the requirements of BS 308-1 or BS 1192. Coloured backgrounds should be avoided. 4.2 Published maps. Published maps are unlikely to be on one of the A sizes of paper, but, as most maps are
33、rectangular, a published map when it is copied on 35 mm microfilm can normally be treated as the smallest A size that will wholly accommodate it (see 9.1). 4.3 Maps and plans prepared for microfilming 4.3.1 Size. If a primary drawing of a map or plan is produced for microfilming, the size should be
34、chosen from the following range, selected from BS 3429 as particularly suitable for microfilming: These are the dimensions of the outside edges of the map sheet. 4.3.2 Outer margins. The working tolerances required in a microfilm system shall be provided for in the unused outer margins of the origin
35、al and of subsequent prints. The following minimum outer margins shall be allowed on all four sides of an original to accommodate all the tolerances imposed by microfilming: 4.3.3 Identification. The following essential information, required for the identification, administration and interpretation
36、of the map or plan, may be given in a title block if it does not appear elsewhere on the map or plan: a) name of organization; b) number of map or plan; c) descriptive title; d) scale: representative fraction, written scale, drawn scale (if not to scale, this should be stated); e) date of drawing; f
37、) unit of measurement and metrication information; g) originators name; h) colour/legend. If there is a title block it shall be in the bottom right-hand corner of the sheet. A title block is essential for a map or plan which is to be copied on multiple frames (see 9.3). 1) Advice on sources of test
38、charts may be obtained from the British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London W1A 2BS. A0841 mm 1 189 mm A1594 mm 841 mm A2420 mm 594 mm A3297 mm 420 mm A4210 mm 297 mm A020 mm A120 mm A210 mm A310 mm A410 mm Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 13:49:42 GMT+00:00 2006, Unco
39、ntrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5525:1977 4 BSI 11-1999 4.3.4 Line width and letter height. The following line widths are recommended: Letter height should be not less than 2.0 mm. When filmed at a reduction ratio greater than 1 : 15, type smaller than 2.0 mm tends to block up and become illegible. Sanser
40、if typefaces with lines of constant width are the most suitable for microfilming. 4.3.5 Centring marks. To ensure that the image is in the centre of the frame, centring marks shall be provided on all four sides of the original. 4.3.6 Colour. If colour is used in the original, a satisfactory copy on
41、black-and-white microfilm may be difficult to produce. Notation may be necessary to indicate the significance of colours used in the original. The use of shading tints provides an alternative to colour. 4.3.7 Shading tints. Shading tints are used either to produce a pattern, or to produce a given op
42、acity on an area of the original. For either to be reproduced accurately, it is necessary for the copying process to be able to resolve, the detail in the tint. Some print-out methods cannot reproduce heavy tints or continuous areas of black. 5 Microfilm 5.1 Film base. The film base shall be 35 mm u
43、nperforated safety stock, as specified in BS 850. 5.2 Frame size. The frame shall measure approximately 32 mm 45 mm. 5.3 Quality of microfilm image. The quality of each microfilm image shall be such that every line and character of the original is recorded on the microfilm, with sufficient contrast
44、and clarity to be reproducible up to and including the third generation. When a device is used to keep originals flat and in position during microfilming, it shall not affect the resulting image. If the microfilm is required for viewing only, the image need be legible only at the original scale. 5.4
45、 Leader and trailer. If roll film is used, every roll or complete length of exposed processed film shall have a leader and trailer of unexposed processed film, each at least 300 mm long. 6 Density 6.1 Background density. When measured by the method given in Appendix A the background density of a neg
46、ative-reading microfilm shall be within the range 0.9 to 1.1. The background density of a positive-reading microfilm shall not exceed 0.2. 6.2 Base-plus-fog density. Base-plus-fog density, determined as British Standard diffuse density in accordance with the method given in BS 1384, shall not exceed
47、 0.12. 7 Resolution 7.1 Test target. At the beginning of each length of microfilm there shall be at least one frame of the test target microfilmed at the reduction ratio used. In addition, if batches of drawings are filmed according to size, each batch shall be preceded by at least one frame of the
48、test target microfilmed at the reduction ratio to be used for that batch. The test target shall comprise the following, arranged as shown in Figure 2. a) Five (NBS) test charts. The lower left-hand corner of the test pattern designated “18” in the centre test chart shall be placed within 6 mm of the
49、 centre of the test target with the edges of the test chart parallel to the edges of the test target and with the legend of the test chart in the same orientation as the printed matter on the test target. The four corner test charts shall be placed at a distance (19.4 R) mm from the centre of the test target, each with the lower left-hand corner of the test pattern designated “18” placed within 6 mm of the test target diagonal line. The corner charts shall be oriented so that one edge of each chart is parallel to the appropriate diagonal, wit