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1、 Reference number ISO 10426-4:2004(E) ISO 2004 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10426-4 First edition 2004-03-01 Petroleum and natural gas industries Cements and materials for well cementing Part 4: Preparation and testing of foamed cement slurries at atmospheric pressure Industrie du ptrole et du gaz nat
2、urel Ciments et matriaux pour la cimentation des puits Partie 4: Prparation et essais en conditions ambiantes des laitiers de ciment mousse -,-,- ISO 10426-4:2004(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or v
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5、e for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2004 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any me
6、ans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copy
7、rightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2004 All rights reserved ISO 10426-4:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Forewordiv Introduction v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references .1 3 Sampling1 4 Slurry calculations1 5 Apparatus.5 6 Preparation of base cement slurry5
8、7 Preparation of foamed cement slurry at atmospheric pressure6 8 Example calculations for the preparation of foamed cement slurry at atmospheric pressure.7 9 Atmospheric testing of foamed cement slurries .9 10 Determination of other properties of base unfoamed cement slurry12 Bibliography .13 -,-,-
9、ISO 10426-4:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Ea
10、ch member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Internatio
11、nal Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standar
12、ds adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
13、of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 10426-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completi
14、on fluids, and well cements. ISO 10426 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries Cements and materials for well cementing: Part 1: Specification Part 2: Testing of well cements Part 3: Testing of deepwater well cement formulations Part 4: Preparati
15、on and testing of foamed cement slurries at atmospheric pressure Part 5: Determination of shrinkage and expansion of well cement formulations at atmospheric pressure ISO 10426-4:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved v Introduction Users of this part of ISO 10426 should be aware that further or differ
16、ing requirements may be needed for individual applications. This part of ISO 10426 is not intended to inhibit a vendor from offering, or the purchaser from accepting, alternative equipment or engineering solutions for the individual application. This may be particularly applicable where there is inn
17、ovative or developing technology. Where an alternative is offered, the vendor should identify any variations from this International Standard and provide details. Cements or cement blends used for foamed cement slurry preparation at atmospheric pressure should be fit for purpose. Such cements could
18、include well cements of ISO Classes, high alumina cement, or other speciality cements. The cements and blending materials should conform to appropriate standards. Where International Standards do not exist, conformance with other appropriate standards should be made. In this part of ISO 10426, where
19、 practical, U.S. Customary units are included in brackets for information. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10426-4:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1 Petroleum and natural gas industries Cements and materials for well cementing Part 4: Preparation and testing of foamed cement slurries at atmospheric
20、pressure 1 Scope This part of ISO 10426 defines the methods for the generation and testing of foamed cement slurries and their corresponding unfoamed base cement slurries at atmospheric pressure. 2 Normative references The following normative document is indispensable for the application of this doc
21、ument. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 10426-2:2003, Petroleum and natural gas industries Cements and materials for well cementing Part 2: Testing of well cements 3 Sam
22、pling 3.1 General Samples of the cement material or cement blend, solid and liquid additives, and water used for mixing are required to test a foamed cement slurry in accordance with this part of ISO 10426. Accordingly, the best available sampling technology should be employed to ensure the test mat
23、erials match as closely as possible those found at the well site. 3.2 Method Applicable sampling techniques for the fluids and materials used in foamed cementing operations can be found in ISO 10426-2:2003, Clause 4. If required, the temperatures of the mix water, cement or cement blends, and liquid
24、 additives may be measured with a thermocouple or thermometer capable of measuring temperature with an accuracy of 2 C ( 3,5 F). These temperatures should be recorded. Temperature- measuring devices shall be calibrated (in the case of a thermocouple) or checked for accuracy (in the case of a thermom
25、eter) annually. 4 Slurry calculations 4.1 Calculation of base cement slurry composition with and without surfactant(s) The final base cement slurry for preparing a foamed cement slurry contains surfactant(s), which cannot be added to the base cement slurry for initial mixing. This requires calculati
26、on of the relative mass percentage (mass fraction) of the surfactant(s) in the foamed cement slurry. This is done by taking the total mass of the -,-,- ISO 10426-4:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved surfactant(s) and dividing by the total mass of the base cement slurry. (For these calculations,
27、additives are considered those materials added to the cement that do not result in foaming the system.) The mass fraction (percentage) of surfactant(s) can be calculated by: ws = ms/(mc + ma + ms + mw) 100 (1) where ws is the mass fraction of surfactant(s), expressed as a percent; ms is the mass of
28、surfactant(s), expressed in grams; mc is the mass of cement, expressed in grams; ma is the mass of additive(s), expressed in grams; mw is the mass of water, expressed in grams. If desired, the base cement slurry density without surfactant (bwos) can be calculated, in grams per cubic centimetre, by:
29、caw bwos caw mmm VVV + = + (2) where mc is the mass of cement, expressed in grams; ma is the mass of additive(s), expressed in grams; mw is the mass of water, expressed in grams; Vc is the absolute volume of cement, expressed in cubic centimetres; Va is the absolute volume of additive(s), expressed
30、in cubic centimetres; Vw is the volume of water, expressed in cubic centimetres. 4.2 Determination of slurry volume and mass 4.2.1 Slurry volume 4.2.1.1 General Determine the volume of unfoamed base cement slurry to be used. The total volume of unfoamed base cement slurry shall include the volume of
31、 surfactant(s) to be added to the base cement slurry. The surfactant(s) is(are) added after the initial mixing of the base cement slurry. The volume of unfoamed base cement slurry with surfactants to be placed in the blending container can be calculated by one of two methods (see 4.2.1.2 and 4.2.1.3
32、). -,-,- ISO 10426-4:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 3 4.2.1.2 Known gas content When it is desired to foam a slurry with a specific volume fraction of gas per volume of slurry (foam quality), the resultant density of the foamed cement slurry must be determined. This can be calculated by: g fsu
33、fss 100 100 = (3) where fs is the density of the foamed cement slurry, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre (pounds-mass per gallon); g is the volume fraction of gas in the final foamed cement slurry, expressed as a percent; ufss is the density of the unfoamed base cement slurry with surfactant(s)
34、, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre (pounds-mass per gallon). 4.2.1.3 Known foamed cement slurry density When the desired density of the foamed cement slurry is known or after calculating it with Equation (3), determine the mass, in grams, of cement slurry including surfactant(s) to be placed i
35、nto the blending container to prepare the foamed cement slurry. The mass of unfoamed base cement slurry with surfactant(s) can be calculated by: ufssmcfs mV= (4) where mufss is the mass of unfoamed base cement slurry with surfactant(s) to be placed in the blending container, expressed in grams; Vmc
36、is the blending container volume, expressed in cubic centimetres; fs is the desired density of the foamed cement slurry, expressed in grams per cubic centimetre. 4.2.2 Surfactant(s) and slurry mass The masses of surfactant(s) and unfoamed base cement slurry required for testing are found using Equat
37、ions (5) and (6). The mass of surfactant(s) to be placed into the mixer with the unfoamed base cement slurry is determined as follows: s sufss 100 w mm= (5) where ms is the mass of surfactant(s), expressed in grams; mufss is the mass of unfoamed base cement slurry with surfactant(s), expressed in gr
38、ams; ws is the mass fraction of surfactant, expressed as a percent. ISO 10426-4:2004(E) 4 ISO 2004 All rights reserved The mass of base cement slurry is determined as follows: ufsufsss mmm= (6) where mufs is the mass of unfoamed base cement slurry without surfactant(s), expressed in grams; mufss is
39、the mass of unfoamed base cement slurry with surfactant(s), expressed in grams; ms is the mass of surfactant(s) to be added to the unfoamed base cement slurry, expressed in grams. NOTE The percentage contribution of each material by mass was determined in 4.1. 4.2.3 Additional calculations If the de
40、nsity of the foamed cement slurry is known, the volume fraction (percent) of gas can be calculated by: ufssfs g ufss 100 = (7) where g is the volume fraction of gas in final foamed cement slurry, expressed as a percent; ufss is the density of the unfoamed base cement slurry with surfactant(s), expre
41、ssed in kilograms per cubic metre; fs is the density of the foamed cement slurry, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre. The volume of unfoamed base cement slurry can be calculated by: mcg usmc 100 V VV = (8) where Vus is the unfoamed base cement slurry volume, expressed in cubic centimetres; Vmc i
42、s the blending container volume, expressed in cubic centimetres; g is the volume fraction of gas in final foamed cement slurry, expressed as a percent. The mass of unfoamed base cement slurry can be calculated by: ufssusufss mV= (9) where mufss is the mass of unfoamed base cement slurry with surfact
43、ant(s), expressed in grams; Vus is the unfoamed base cement slurry volume, expressed in cubic centimetres; ufss is the density of the unfoamed base cement slurry with surfactant, expressed in grams per cubic centimetre. NOTE The density terms contained in Equations (7) and (9) can be expressed in un
44、its of kg/m3 or g/cm3. -,-,- ISO 10426-4:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 5 5 Apparatus 5.1 Blending container, with a lid that seals, for preparing foamed cement slurry at atmospheric pressure in the laboratory (see Figure 1). The blending container is similar to that used for standard slurry p
45、reparation, except it has a threaded cap with an O-ring seal. The cap has a small hole 19 mm ( 0,75 in) diameter in the centre fitted with a removable plug with a vent hole. A conventional blending container that does not have a seal cannot be used for these tests. 5.2 Mixing blade assembly, either
46、a single mixing blade as supplied by the manufacturer, or a multiple stacked-blade assembly. Testing to date has not identified a significant difference in slurries mixed with the two different blade assemblies using the sealed blending container. 5.2.1 Single blade assembly, in accordance with ISO
47、10426-2:2003, Clause 5. 5.2.2 Multi-blade (stacked-blade) assembly, constructed of a series of assemblies, each blade in accordance with ISO 10426-2:2003, Clause 5 (see Figure 1). The assembly consists of five standard blades attached to a central shaft, and spaced equally along the shaft. Figure 1
48、Blending container and multi-blade assembly 6 Preparation of base cement slurry 6.1 Determination of blending container volume This method assumes the base cement slurry as described in 4.1 is prepared in a separate mixing container and this prepared slurry weighed into the blending container with a sealed lid. Accurate determination of the volume of the blending container is critical to this procedure. The calculations for slurry volume, density and foamed cement slurry-to-gas ratio are based on determination of this cont