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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 11428 First edition 1996-12-15 Ergonomics - Visual danger signals - General requirements, design and testing frgonomie - Signaux visuels de danger - Exigences g - transmitted by data display units This International Standard does not apply to special regulations such as th
2、ose for public disaster and public transport. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to rev
3、ision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 3864: 1994, Safety co/o
4、ut-s and safety signs. ISOflR 12100-2:1992, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 2: Technical pruwples and specifications. IEC 73: 1991, Coding of indicating devices and actuators by colours and supplementary means. IEC 1310-I :I 995, Safety of machinery - Indic
5、abon, markng and actuation - Part I: Requirements for visual, auditory and tactile signals. 1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:33:06 MDTNo reproduction or netwo
6、rking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 11428:1996(E) 3 Definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 visual danger signal: Visual signal indicating imminent onset or actual occurrence of a dangerous situation, involving risk of personal
7、 injury or equipment disaster, and requiring some human response to eliminate or control the danger or requiring other immediate action. A distrnction IS made between two types of visual danger signal: vrsual warnrng signal and vtsual emergency stgnal. 3.1.1 visual warning signal: Visual signal indi
8、cating the imminent onset of a dangerous situation requiring appropriate measure for the elimination or control of the danger. 3.1.2 visual emergency signal: Visual signal indicating the beginning or the actual occurrence of a dangerous situation requiring immediate action. 3.2 signal reception area
9、: Area in which the signal is intended to be perceived and reacted upon. 3.3 field of vision (visual field): Physical space visible to an eye in a given position (see also IS0 8995:1989, 3.1.10). 3.4 danger signal light: Light source intended to convey information about the existence of a dangerous
10、situation by means of one or several characteristics, such as luminance), colour, shape, location and temporal pattern. 4 Safety and ergonomic requirements 4.1 General The characteristics of the visual danger signal shall ensure that any person in the signal reception area can detect, discriminate a
11、nd react to the signal as intended. Visual danger signals shall be: - clearly seen under all possible lighting conditions; - clearly discriminated from general lighting and other visual signals; - allocated a specific meaning within the signal reception area. Visual danger signals shall take precede
12、nce over all other visual signals. Visual emergency signals shall take precedence over all visual warning signals. Care shall be taken to review the effectiveness of the visual danger signals at regular intervals and whenever a new signal (whether a danger signal or not) is introduced in the signal
13、reception area. NOTES 1 A visual danger signal should, if not contradicted by special reasons, be associated with an auditory danger signal. When the danger signal is an emergency signal, auditory and visual signals should be presented together (see IS0 11429). 2 It could be advantageous for visual
14、danger signals to have a relatively low intensity mode to indicate they are functronal but not in a warning mode. 1) As defined in IS0 8995 2 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale,
15、 04/23/2007 20:33:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 0 IS0 IS0 11428:1996(E) 4.2 Detectability 4.2.1 Luminance), illuminancel), and contrast) 4.2.1 .I General Two types of light source need to be distinguished: luminous area sources and luminous point source
16、s*). Luminous area sources have a visual angle greater than 1 (minute) for daylight conditions or 10 (minutes) for darkness; otherwise the light sources are luminous point sources. 4.2.1.2 Luminous area sources In all cases when the light source is not to be regarded as small (point source), the cri
17、teria for detectability are the luminance of the surface, the luminance of the background and their ratio. This luminance ratio (contrast) is not affected by viewing distance (unless transmissivity is to be taken into account, see 4.5) so a specified luminance ratio can be considered adequate for a
18、wide range of viewing conditions. The luminance of a visual warning signal shall be at least five times the luminance of the background. The luminance of a visual emergency signal shall be at least twice that of a warning signal, i.e. at least ten times the luminance of the background. 4.2.1.3 Lumin
19、ous point sources For luminous point sources, the criterion for detectability IS the illumrnance produced by the luminous flux on the pupil of the observers eye compared to the lumrnance of the background. The relationship between the pupillary illuminance required for detectability and the backgrou
20、nd luminance is given in figure I. 4.2.2 Flashing lights Flashing lights shall be used for visual emergency signals. By having a signal flash, i.e. continuously switching ON and OFF, the detectability (attention-attracting qualities) of the signal is usually increased, often accompanied by transmiss
21、ion of a feeling of urgency. NOTES 1 It is recommended that the flash frequency be between 2 Hz and 3 Hz with approximately equal ON- and OFF-intervals 2 Synchronism between light and sound is not generally required, but can improve perception 3 Stroboscopic effects, e.g. from rotating machinery, ca
22、n reduce the detectability of flashing light signals 4.2.3 Location within the field of vision Visual danger signals should be located where appropriate in the direct vicinity of the potential danger in order to allow its immediate detection by all persons within the signal reception area, or about
23、to enter this area. Additional visual danger signals located outside the direct vicinity, such as in a control room or a control panel, are not excluded. The signal reception area of a visual danger signal shall be explicitly stated In the design for every installation, indicating whether the signal
24、 reception area IS, for example, lust a single operators console or parts of a factory or a whole plant. For directly displayed danger signals, the signal lights shall be located within the field of vision inside the workplace betng considered (signal reception area) (see figures 2 and 3 and prEN 89
25、4-2). 1) As defined in IS0 8995. 2) As defined in IEC 50(845) 3 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:33:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without licens
26、e from IHS -,-,- IS0 11428:1996(E) 0 IS0 0.1 0.01 0,001 0,000 1 k i 4 ! c I I i 0,000 1 0,001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10 000 Background luminance, in candela per square metre / 7 c t Figure 1 - Relationship between the required pupillary illuminance and the background luminance a) Vertical field of v
27、ision b) Horlzontal f leld of vision Zone A. Recommended Zone 6: Acceptable Zone C: Not sultable Line S: Imposed line of sight 30 c / Figure 2 - Field of vision when line-of-sight direction is imposed by external task requirements 4 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided b
28、y IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:33:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 11428:1996(E) a) Vertical f leld of vision b) Horizontal field of vision Zone A: Recommended Zone B: Acceptabl
29、e Zone C: Not sultable Line S,: Normal Ilne-of-sight. 15” to 30” below the horizontal Figure 3 - Field of vision when line-of-sight direction is not imposed by external task requirements When the direction of the eye changes as a result of the work activity, or when the fields of vision of several p
30、eople are non-overlapping, additional signal lights shall be installed. The signalling devices shall be positioned so that at least one danger signal is visible from any point within the signal reception area. 4.3 Discriminability 4.3.1 General When a visual danger signal has been detected, it is of
31、 vital importance that the correct measures are taken; therefore the signal information needs to be transmitted unambiguously. Discrimination between vtsual danger signals shall be accomplished using at least two of the following characteristics. 4.3.2 Colour of signal light A visual warning signal
32、shall be yellow or yellow-orange. A visual emergency signal shall be red. If visual warning and visual emergency signals are both used in a working area, and if despite the difference in colour the signals cannot be clearly discriminated, the emergency signal shall have at least twice the intensity
33、of that of the warning signal. Colours of srgnal lights and their meanrngs shall be In accordance with IS0 3864, IEC 73 and IEC 1310-I. NOTE - For the choice of colours in a system of auditory and visual danger and information signals, see IS0 11429. 5 Copyright International Organization for Standa
34、rdization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:33:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 11428:1996(E) IS0 4.3.3 Location Whenever possible, the visual danger signal should be pla
35、ced so as to facilitate immediate and correct understanding of the nature of the danger and of the immediate measure to be taken. 4.3.4 Relative position of lights If two or more signal lights are used in a signalling device, the red signal shall always be posrtioned above the yellow one. If two red
36、 lights are used, they shall be horizontally aligned. 4.3.5 Temporal pattern Flashing lights shall be used for visual emergency signals. It is preferable to use more than one light in the same signalling device, to allow both a spatial and a temporal pattern of flashing. 4.4 Glare The detection and
37、discrimination of a visual danger stgnal as specified in 4.2 and 4.3 shall not be impaired by glare caused by other light sources, e.g. sunlight, in the signal reception area. A visual danger signal shall not be an unnecessary source of glare itself. 4.5 Distance The distance between light source an
38、d observer should be kept as small as practicable in order to increase the pupillary illuminance or reduce the necessary light output. NOTE - The distance between a light source and the observers eye determines the amount of light reachrng the eye, srnce the illuminance IS inversely proportional to
39、the square of this distance. If there is fog, rain, snow, smoke, steam or dust between the light source and the observer, the luminous flux of the signal IS additionally reduced by the lowered transmissivity of the medium. In some cases the transmissivity can be so low as to make light srgnals pract
40、ically Ineffective. In these situations auditory danger signals should be relied upon more heavily. 4.6 Duration After the dangerous condition has been perceived and corrective action has been taken, the signal should be changed to a less urgent level. If the remaining hazard is negligible or contro
41、llable, the warning light should be switched off. NOTE - When a visual danger signal is no longer required, an ALL CLEAR signal in accordance with IS0 11429 should be used. 5 Physical measurements Measurements of illuminance and/or luminance (see 4.2.1) should be made as confirmations that the visua
42、l danger srgnals meet the requrrements and recommendations of this International Standard. However, physical evidence shall not serve as exclusive confirmation of effective visual danger signal performance. 6 Subjective visual check Considering the enormous complexity of the visual environment in ma
43、ny places and also considering the widely differrng personalities and abilities of the possible observers, a system of visual danger signals should be checked with a representative sample of people. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licen
44、see=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:33:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 IS0 11428:1996(E) In order to be representative, the group shall include also persons: - more than 45 years old; - with visual acuity less than
45、0,8; - with colour vision defects (red-green colour blind); - wearing eye protection (goggles), if appropriate. To perform a subjective visual check, small groups of persons (five or less) are observed while the visual danger signal is presented without any previous notice. If the observed people re
46、act with spontaneous gestures or comments, the check can be terminated. If some persons do not display any overt reactions, they are asked immediately after the observation period about their visual perceptions during the last several minutes. Depending on the answers received, the outcome of the vi
47、sual check can be taken as an indication of the effectiveness of the visual danger signal(s). The subjective visual check should be repeated a number of times at various locations, with various persons and different lighting conditions, until a representative set of observations has been obtained. T
48、he system of visual danger signals is considered adequate if all persons observed exhibited a reaction 7 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 20:33:06 MDTNo reproducti
49、on or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 11428:1996(E) Annex A (informative) Bibliography l I IS0 8995: 1989, Principles of visual ergonomics - The lighting of indoor work systems. I21 IS0 1 1429: 1996, Ergonomics - System of auditory and visual danger and information signals. 131 IEC 50 (845):1987, inter