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1、 Reference number ISO 13344:2004(E) ISO 2004 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13344 Second edition 2004-10-15 Estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluents Dtermination du pouvoir toxique ltal des effluents du feu Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under li
2、cense with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 13344:2004(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this
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5、that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2004 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized
6、in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41
7、22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2004 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:08:54 MDTNo repro
8、duction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 13344:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Forewordiv Introduction v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references .1 3 Terms and definitions.2 4 Principle.3 5 Significance and use 4 6 Apparatus.4 7 Hazards 5 8 Test samples .5 9
9、Calibration of the apparatus 5 10 Procedures 6 11 Calculations.6 12 Test report9 13 Precision and bias 10 Annex A (informative) Optional bioassay for confirmation of predicted LC50 values11 Bibliography .14 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with I
10、SO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 13344:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federatio
11、n of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
12、 International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance wi
13、th the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires appro
14、val by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 13344 was prepared by Technical Committ
15、ee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 3, Fire threat to people and environment. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13344:1996), which has been technically revised. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licens
16、ee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 13344:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved v Introduction The pyrolysis or combustion of every combustible material produces a fire effluent atmo
17、sphere, which, in sufficiently high concentration, is toxic. It is, therefore, desirable to establish a standard test method for the determination of the toxic potency of such fire effluents. It is further desirable, in view of worldwide resistance to the exposure of animals in standard tests, that
18、this method should not make mandatory the use of such animals in its procedures. The mandatory portion of this standard test does not, therefore, specify the use of animal exposures. It only refers to animal exposure data already reported in the literature, with calculations being employed to expres
19、s test results as they would have been obtained had animals actually been employed. For those cases in which confirmation of test results using animal exposures can be justifiably permitted, an optional procedure to do so is presented in Annex A. The two parameters calculated using this standard are
20、 the FED (Fractional Effective Dose) and the LC50. When either of these is used in performing a hazard analysis, certain information must accompany the term to avoid confusion. In the case of the FED, that is the toxicological effect on which the FED is based and the species for which the FED has be
21、en determined. In the case of the LC50, that information is the length of the exposure and the animal species for which the LC50 has been determined. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for
22、 Resale, 04/19/2007 03:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:08:54 MDTNo reproduction
23、 or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13344:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1 Estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluents 1 Scope This International Standard provides a means for estimating the lethal toxic potency of the fire effluents
24、produced from a material while exposed to the specific combustion conditions of a physical fire model. The lethal toxic potency values are specifically related to the fire model selected, the exposure scenario and the material evaluated. Lethal toxic potency values associated with 30-min exposures o
25、f rats are predicted using calculations which employ combustion atmosphere analytical data for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2) (vitiation) and, if present, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen fluoride (HF), sulfur dioxide (SO2), n
26、itrogen dioxide (NO2), acrolein and formaldehyde. If the fire effluent toxic potency cannot be attributed to the toxicants analysed, this is an indication that other toxicants or factors must be considered. This International Standard is applicable to the estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fi
27、re effluent atmospheres produced from materials, products or assemblies under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used in isolation to describe or appraise the toxic hazard or risk of materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be
28、used as elements of a fire hazard assessment that takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use; see ISO/TS 19706. The intended use of fire safety-engineering calculations is for life-safety prediction for people and is most fre
29、quently for time intervals somewhat shorter than 30 min. This extrapolation across species and exposure intervals is outside the scope of this International Standard. This International Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility
30、of the user of this International Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest
31、edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/TS 13571:2002, Life-threatening components of fires Guidelines for the estimation of time available for escape using fire data ISO 13943:2000, Fire safety Vocabulary ISO 197011), Fire safety Sampling and analytical methods fo
32、r fire effluents ISO/TS 19706, Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people 1) To be published. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:08:54 MDTNo reproduction
33、or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 13344:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943:2000 and the following apply 3.1 carboxyhaemoglobin saturation percentage of blood haemoglob
34、in converted to carboxyhaemoglobin from the reversible reaction with inhaled carbon monoxide 3.2 concentration-time curve plot of the concentration of a gaseous toxicant or fire effluent as a function of time NOTE The typical units for the concentration of a toxic gas are l/l and, for fire effluent,
35、 gm3. The units of l/l are numerically identical to ppm by volume, the use of which is discouraged. 3.3 exposure dose measure of a gaseous toxicant or of a fire effluent available for inhalation, calculated by integration of the area under a concentration-time curve NOTE The typical units are ll1min
36、 for a gaseous toxicant and gm3min for fire effluent. The units of l/l are numerically identical to ppm by volume, the use of which is discouraged. 3.4 fractional effective dose FED ratio of the exposure dose for an asphyxiant toxicant to that exposure dose of the asphyxiant expected to produce a sp
37、ecified effect on an exposed subject of average susceptibility NOTE 1 As a concept, FED refers to any effect, including incapacitation, lethality or other endpoints. NOTE 2 Values of FED that are based on lethality are designated as LFED, while those based on incapacitation are designated as IFED. N
38、OTE 3 When not used with reference to a specific asphyxiant, the term FED represents the summation of FED values for all asphyxiants in a combustion atmosphere. 3.5 lethal concentration 50 LC50 concentration of a toxic gas or fire effluent statistically calculated from concentration-response data th
39、at causes death in 50 % of a population of a given species within a specified exposure and post-exposure time NOTE The typical units are l/l for a gaseous toxicant and gm3 for fire effluent. The units of l/l are numerically identical to ppm by volume, the use of which is discouraged. 3.6 mass charge
40、 concentration mass of a test sample placed in a combustion chamber per unit chamber volume (for a closed system) or per total volume of air passing through an open system NOTE 1 The typical units are gm3. NOTE 2 For an open system, the definition assumes that the mass is dispersed in the airflow un
41、iformly over time. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 03:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 13344:2004(E) ISO 2004 A
42、ll rights reserved 3 3.7 mass loss concentration mass of a test sample consumed during combustion per unit chamber volume (for a closed system) or per total air flow passing through an open system NOTE 1 The typical units are gm3. NOTE 2 For an open system, the definition assumes that the mass is di
43、spersed in the airflow uniformly over time. 3.8 predicted LC50 LC50 for the effluent of a combusted test sample, calculated from combustion atmosphere analytical data, as that effluent concentration that would yield an FED equal to 1 NOTE The typical units are l/l for a gaseous toxicant and gm3 for
44、fire effluent. The units of l/l are numerically identical to ppm by volume, the use of which is discouraged. 4 Principle 4.1 This method subjects a test sample to the combustion conditions of a specific physical fire model. Concentrations of the major gaseous toxicants in the fire effluent atmospher
45、e are monitored over a 30-min period, with (Ct) products for each interval being determined from integration of the areas under the respective concentration vs time plots. The (Ct) product data, along with either the mass charge or the mass loss of the test sample during the test, are then used in c
46、alculations to predict the 30-min LC50 of the test sample. 4.2 Since there can be toxicants present other than those measured, this value of the LC50 is a maximum. If the chemical formulation and professional experience suggest that additional toxicants might contribute significantly to the LC50 val
47、ue, the accuracy of the predicted LC50 may then be experimentally determined using a bioassay (see Annex A). Agreement within the experimental uncertainty supports attributing the lethality of the smoke to the monitored toxicants. 4.3 The strategy employed in this method for quantification of fire e
48、ffluent toxic potency represents utilization of the latest in state-of-the-art understanding of the prediction of the toxic effects of fire effluents as reported in ISO/TR 9122-52. Toxic potencies are calculated from combustion product analytical data without the exposure of experimental animals. Such a methodology is based on extensive experimentation using exposure of rats to the common fire gases, both singly and in combinations; see Reference 2. The principal ca