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1、A Reference number ISO 13407:1999(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13407 First edition 1999-06-01 Human-centred design processes for interactive systems Processus de conception centre sur loprateur humain pour les systmes interactifs Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by
2、IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/12/2007 23:40:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 13407:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be repro
3、duced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 CH-1211 Genve 20 Switzerland Internetisoiso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii Con
4、tentsPage 1 Scope1 2 Terms and definitions .1 3 Structure of this International Standard2 4 Rationale for adopting a human-centred design process.2 5 Principles of human-centred design3 5.1 General.3 5.2 The active involvement of users and a clear understanding of user and task requirements.3 5.3 An
5、 appropriate allocation of function between users and technology.3 5.4 Iteration of design solutions3 5.5 Multi-disciplinary design4 6 Planning the human-centred design process.4 7 Human-centred design activities .5 7.1 General.5 7.2 Understand and specify the context of use.6 7.3 Specify the user a
6、nd organizational requirements .7 7.4 Produce design solutions8 7.5 Evaluate designs against requirements.9 8 Conformance12 Annex A (informative) Guidance on other relevant standards .13 Annex B (informative) Example of a structure of a usability evaluation report17 Annex C (informative) Sample proc
7、edure for demonstrating conformance to this International Standard20 Bibliography25 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/12/2007 23:40:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking perm
8、itted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOISO 13407:1999(E) iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical comm
9、ittees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
10、International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member
11、 bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 13407 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 4, Ergonomics of human-system interaction. Annexes A, B an
12、d C of this International Standard are for information only. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/12/2007 23:40:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license f
13、rom IHS -,-,- ISO 13407:1999(E) ISO iv Introduction Human-centred design is an approach to interactive system development that focuses specifically on making systems usable. It is a multi-disciplinary activity which incorporates human factors and ergonomics knowledge and techniques. The application
14、of human factors and ergonomics to interactive systems design enhances effectiveness and efficiency, improves human working conditions, and counteracts possible adverse effects of use on human health, safety and performance. Applying ergonomics to the design of systems involves taking account of hum
15、an capabilities, skills, limitations and needs. Human-centred systems support users and motivate them to learn. The benefits can include increased productivity, enhanced quality of work, reductions in support and training costs, and improved user satisfaction. Although there is a substantial body of
16、 human factors and ergonomics knowledge about how such design processes can be organized and used effectively, much of this information is only well-known by specialists in these fields. This International Standard aims to help those responsible for managing hardware and software design processes to
17、 identify and plan effective and timely human-centred design activities. It complements existing design approaches and methods. . Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/12/2007
18、23:40:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISOISO 13407:1999(E) 1 Human-centred design processes for interactive systems 1 Scope This International Standard provides guidance on human-centred design activities throughout the life cycle o
19、f computer-based interactive systems. It is aimed at those managing design processes and provides guidance on sources of information and standards relevant to the human-centred approach. This International Standard is concerned with both hardware and software components of interactive systems. NOTE
20、Computer-based interactive systems vary in scale and complexity. Examples include off-the-shelf (shrink wrap) software products, custom office systems, plant monitoring systems, automated banking systems and consumer products. This International Standard addresses the planning and management of huma
21、n-centred design. It does not address all aspects of project management. This International Standard provides an overview of human-centred design activities. It does not provide detailed coverage of the methods and techniques required for human-centred design, nor does it address health and safety a
22、spects in detail. The main users of this International Standard will be project managers. This International Standard therefore addresses technical human factors and ergonomics issues only to the extent necessary to allow managers to understand their relevance and importance in the design process as
23、 a whole. Such issues are dealt with more fully in ISO 9241 (see bibliography) which is complementary to this International Standard and is aimed at system developers, specifiers and purchasers of systems. Nonetheless, all parties involved in human-centred system development, including the end-users
24、 of systems, should find the guidance in this International Standard relevant. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 interactive system combination of hardware and software components that receive input from, and commu
25、nicate output to, a human user in order to support his or her performance of a task NOTE The term “system” is often used rather than “interactive system”. 2.2 prototype representation of all or part of a product or system that, although limited in some way, can be used for evaluation 2.3 usability e
26、xtent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=N
27、ASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/12/2007 23:40:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 13407:1999(E) ISO 2 2.4 effectiveness accuracy and completeness with which users achieve specified goals ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.2 2.5 efficie
28、ncy resources expended in relation to the accuracy and completeness with which users achieve goals ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.3 2.6 satisfaction freedom from discomfort, and positive attitudes to the use of the product ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.4 2.7 context of use users, tasks, equipment (
29、hardware, software and materials), and the physical and social environments in which a product is used ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.5 2.8 user individual interacting with the system ISO 9241-10:1996, definition 2.2 3 Structure of this International Standard Clause 4 outlines the reasons for adopti
30、ng a human-centred design process. These can be used to provide a rationale for the use of human-centred methods, or to determine priorities for resource allocation during a project. Clause 5 gives guidance on the principles of human-centred design. Clause 6 lists the issues to be considered when pl
31、anning human-centred design activities and discusses how these should relate to system design goals. Clause 7 is the core of this International Standard. It describes each of the four essential human-centred activities which should take place during the design process. Clause 8 gives further guidanc
32、e on reporting human-centred activities. 4 Rationale for adopting a human-centred design process All work systems should follow the ergonomic principles described in ISO 6385:1981. Making interactive systems more human-centred has substantial economic and social benefits. In most countries, employer
33、s and system providers have legal obligations to protect users from risks to their health and safety. Making systems more usable means systems can contribute to these aims, meeting user and organizational needs better. They a) are easier to understand and use, thus reducing training and support cost
34、s, b) improve user satisfaction and reduce discomfort and stress, c) improve the productivity of users and the operational efficiency of organizations, and d) improve product quality, appeal to the users and can provide a competitive advantage. The complete benefits of human-centred design can be de
35、termined by taking into account the total life-cycle costs of the system including conception, design, implementation, support, use and maintenance. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for
36、Resale, 04/12/2007 23:40:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOISO 13407:1999(E) 3 5 Principles of human-centred design 5.1 General There are many industry and proprietary standard methods for the design of computer-based interactive systems. This Internatio
37、nal Standard does not assume any one standard design process, nor does it cover all the different activities necessary to ensure effective system design. It is complementary to existing design methods and provides a human-centred perspective that can be integrated into different forms of design proc
38、ess in a way that is appropriate to the particular context. All the human-centred design activities identified in clause 7 are applicable, to a greater or lesser extent, at any stage in the development of a system. Whatever the design process and allocation of responsibilities and roles adopted, the
39、 incorporation of a human- centred approach is characterized by the following: a) the active involvement of users and a clear understanding of user and task requirements; b) an appropriate allocation of function between users and technology; c) the iteration of design solutions; d) multi-disciplinar
40、y design. 5.2 The active involvement of users and a clear understanding of user and task requirements The involvement of users in the development process provides a valuable source of knowledge about the context of use, the tasks, and how users are likely to work with the future product or system. T
41、he effectiveness of user involvement increases as the interaction between the developers and the users increases. The nature of user involvement varies depending on the design activities which are being undertaken. When custom-made products are being developed, the proposed users and the tasks perfo
42、rmed can be directly linked to the development process. The organization procuring the system has the opportunity to have a direct influence on the design as it emerges, and solutions can be evaluated by those who are actually going to be working with them. Such involvement and participation also in
43、crease user acceptance and commitment. When generic or consumer products are being developed, the user population is dispersed and is perhaps not easily accessible. It is still essential that users or appropriate representatives are involved in development, in order that the relevant user and task r
44、equirements can be identified for inclusion in the system specification, and in order to provide feedback through testing of the proposed design solutions. 5.3 An appropriate allocation of function between users and technology One of the most important human-centred design principles concerns the ap
45、propriate allocation of function the specification of which functions should be carried out by the users and which by the technology. These design decisions determine the extent to which a given job, task, function or responsibility is to be automated or assigned to human performance. The decisions
46、should be based on many factors, such as relative capabilities and limitations of humans versus technology in terms of reliability, speed, accuracy, strength, flexibility of response, financial cost, the importance of successful or timely accomplishment of tasks and user well-being. They should not
47、simply be based on determining which functions the technology is capable of performing and then simply allocating the remaining functions to users, relying on their flexibility to make the system work. The resulting human functions should form a meaningful set of tasks. Representative users should g
48、enerally be involved in these decisions. For further guidance, see ISO 9241-2 and ISO 10075. 5.4 Iteration of design solutions In iterative design approaches, feedback from users becomes a critical source of information. Iteration, when combined with active user involvement, provides an effective means of minimizing the risk that a system does not meet user and organizational requirements (including those requirements that are hidden or difficult to specify Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972