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1、Reference number ISO 14042:2000(E) ISO 2000 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14042 First edition 2000-03-01 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment Management environnemental Analyse du cycle de vie valuation de limpact du cycle de vie ISO 14042:2000(E) PDF disclaimer T
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6、ester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 ? CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2000 All rights reserved ISO 14042:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reservediii ContentsPage Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1Scope 1
7、 2Normative references1 3Terms and definitions .1 4General description of LCIA.2 5Mandatory elements4 6Optional elements8 7Data quality analysis .10 8Limitations of LCIA10 9Comparative assertions disclosed to the public11 10Reporting and critical review11 Annex A (normative) Relationship of life cyc
8、le impact assessment to the LCA framework.14 Bibliography16 -,-,- ISO 14042:2000(E) iv ISO 2000 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standa
9、rds is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also tak
10、e part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by
11、 the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
12、 of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. InternationalStandardISO 14042waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC 207,Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 5,Life cycle assessment. Annex A forms a normative part of this International Standard
13、. -,-,- ISO 14042:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reservedv Introduction Life cycle impact assessment, LCIA, is the third phase of life cycle assessment described in ISO 14040. The purpose of LCIA is to assess a product systems1?life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) results to better understand their envi
14、ronmental significance. The LCIA phase models selected environmental issues, called impact categories, and uses category indicators2?to condense and explain the LCI results. Category indicators are intended to reflect the aggregate emissions or resource use for each impact category. These category i
15、ndicators represent the “potential environmental impacts”3?discussed in ISO 14040. In addition, LCIA prepares for the life cycle interpretation phase. LCIA as part of an overall LCA can, for example, be used to ?identify product system improvement opportunities and assist the prioritization of them,
16、 ?characterize or benchmark a product system and its unit processes over time, ?make relative comparisons among product systems based on selected category indicators, or ?indicate environmental issues for which other techniques can provide complementary environmental data and information useful to d
17、ecision-makers. While LCIA can assist in these applications, parties should recognize that an extensive assessment of a product system is difficult and may require the use of several different environmental assessment techniques. 1?In this International Standard, the term “product system” also inclu
18、des service systems. 2?The full expression for this term is “life cycle impact category indicator”. 3? The “potential environmental impacts” referred to in ISO 14040 are a subset of the “environmental impacts” referred to in ISO 14001 resulting from the use of the functional unit calculation. The “p
19、otential environmental impacts” are relative expressions, as they are related to the functional unit of a product system. -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 14042:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved1 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment 1Scope This International
20、Standard describes and gives guidance on a general framework for the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase of life cycle assessment (LCA), and the key features and inherent limitations of LCIA. It specifies requirements for conducting the LCIA phase and the relationship of LCIA to the other LCA
21、phases. 2Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to
22、 agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain re
23、gisters of currently valid International Standards. ISO 14001:1996,Environmental management systems Specification with guidance for use. ISO 14040:1997,Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework. ISO 14041:1998,Environmental management Life cycle assessment Goal and scop
24、e definition and life cycle inventory analysis. ISO 14043:2000,Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle interpretation. ISO 14050:1998,Environmental management Vocabulary. 3Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 3.1Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International Stand
25、ard, the following terms and definitions given in ISO 14001, ISO 14040, ISO 14041, ISO 14050 and the following apply. 3.1.1 life cycle inventory analysis result LCI result outcome of a life cycle inventory analysis that includes the flows crossing the system boundary and provides the starting point
26、for life cycle impact assessment 3.1.2 impact category class representing environmental issues of concern to which LCI results may be assigned ISO 14042:2000(E) 2 ISO 2000 All rights reserved 3.1.3 life cycle impact category indicator quantifiable representation of an impact category NOTEThe shorter
27、 expression “category indicator” is used throughout the text of this International Standard for improved readability. 3.1.4 category endpoint attribute or aspect of natural environment, human health or resources, identifying an environmental issue of concern NOTEFigure 2 illustrates this term in fur
28、ther detail. 3.1.5 characterization factor factor derived from a characterization model which is applied to convert the assigned LCI results to the common unit of the category indicator NOTEThe common unit allows aggregation into category indicator result. 3.1.6 environmental mechanism system of phy
29、sical, chemical and biological processes for a given impact category, linking the LCI results to category indicators and to category endpoints 3.2Abbreviated terms LCAlife cycle assessment LCIlife cycle inventory analysis LCIAlife cycle impact assessment 4General description of LCIA 4.1Aim of LCIA L
30、CIA aims to examine the product system from an environmental perspective using impact categories and category indicators connected with the LCI results. The LCIA phase also provides information for the life cycle interpretation phase. 4.2Key features of LCIA Key features of the LCIA are listed below
31、. ?The LCIA phase, in conjunction with other LCA phases, provides a system-wide perspective of environmental and resource issues for one or more product system(s). ?LCIA assigns LCI results to impact categories. For each impact category, the category indicator is selected and the category indicator
32、result, hereafter referred to as indicator result, is calculated. The collection of indicator results, hereafter referred to as the LCIA profile, provides information on the environmental issues associated with the inputs and outputs of the product system. ?LCIA is different from other techniques su
33、ch as environmental performance evaluation, environmental impact assessment and risk assessment as it is a relative approach based on a functional unit. LCIA may use information gathered by these other techniques. ISO 14042:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved3 Clause 8 describes the inherent limita
34、tions of LCIA. 4.3Elements of LCIA 4.3.1The general framework of the LCIA phase is composed of several mandatory elements that convert LCI results to indicator results. In addition, there are optional elements for normalization, grouping or weighting of the indicator results and data quality analysi
35、s techniques. The LCIA phase is only one part of a total LCA study, and shall be coordinated with other phases of LCA as stated in annex A. The elements of the LCIA phase are illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1 Elements of the LCIA phase Separation of the LCIA phase into different elements is necessar
36、y for several reasons. ?Each LCIA element is distinct and can be clearly defined. ?The goal and scope definition phase of an LCA study can consider each LCIA element separately. ?A quality assessment of the LCIA methods, assumptions and other decisions can be conducted for each LCIA element. ?LCIA p
37、rocedures, assumptions and other operations within each element can be made transparent for critical review and reporting. ?The use of values and subjectivity, hereafter referred to as value-choices, within each element, can be made transparent for critical review and reporting. -,-,- ISO 14042:2000
38、(E) 4 ISO 2000 All rights reserved 4.3.2The mandatory LCIA elements are listed below. a)Selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models; identification of the impact categories, related category indicators and characterization models, category endpoints and the associ
39、ated LCI results that the LCA study will address. For example, the climate change impact category represents emissions of greenhouse gases (LCI results) using infrared radiative forcing as the category indicator. See also Table 1. b)Assignment of LCI results (classification) to the impact categories
40、. c)Calculation of category indicator results (characterization). The indicator results for different impact categories together represent the LCIA profile for the product system. Clause 5 describes in more detail the mandatory elements of LCIA mentioned above and in Figure 1, and provides specific
41、requirements. 4.3.3There are optional elements and information as listed below which can be used depending on the goal and scope of the LCA study. a)Calculating the magnitude of category indicator results relative to reference information (normal- ization). b)Grouping: sorting and possibly ranking o
42、f the impact categories. c)Weighting: converting and possibly aggregating indicator results across impact categories using numerical factors based on value-choices. d)Data quality analysis: better understanding the reliability of the collection of indicator results, the LCIA profile. 5Mandatory elem
43、ents 5.1General For the LCIA phase, the outcome of the mandatory elements is the collection of indicator results for the different impact categories. 5.2Concept of category indicators Figure 2 illustrates the concept of category indicators based on an environmental mechanism. Every impact category h
44、as its own environmental mechanism. The acidification impact category is used in Figure 2 as an example. Characterization models reflect the environmental mechanism by describing the relationship between the LCI results, category indicators and in some cases category endpoint(s). The characterizatio
45、n model is used to derive the characterization factors. For each impact category, the necessary components include ?identification of the category endpoint(s), ?definition of the category indicator for given category endpoint(s), ?identification of appropriate LCI results that can be assigned to the
46、 impact category, taking into account the chosen category indicator and identified category endpoint(s), and ?identification of the characterization model and the characterization factors. ISO 14042:2000(E) ISO 2000 All rights reserved5 This procedure facilitates the collection, assignment and chara
47、cterization modelling of appropriate LCI results. This also helps to highlight the scientific and technical validity, assumptions, value-choices and degree of accuracy in the characterization model. Figure 2 Concept of category indicators Table 1 provides examples of terms used in this International
48、 Standard. The environmental mechanism is the total of environmental processes related to climate change. Table 1 Example of terms TermExample Impact categoryClimate change LCI resultsGreenhouse gases Characterization modelIPCCamodel Category indicatorInfrared radiative forcing (W/m2) Characterizati
49、on factorGlobal warming potential for each greenhouse gas (kg CO2-equivalents/kg gas) Indicator resultkg of CO2-equivalents Category endpointsCoral reefs, forest, crops Environmental referenceDegree of linkage between category indicator and category endpoint NOTEFurther examples are provided in ISO/TR 14047 1. a Intergovernmental Panel on Climat