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1、 Reference number ISO 14044:2006(E) ISO 2006 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14044 First edition 2006-07-01 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines Management environnemental Analyse du cycle de vie Exigences et lignes directrices ISO 14044:2006(E) PDF disclaimer This P
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4、PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2006 All rights reserve
5、d. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester
6、. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2006 All rights reserved ISO 14044:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope .
7、 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Methodological framework for LCA 6 4.1 General requirements. 6 4.2 Goal and scope definition 7 4.3 Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) 11 4.4 Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) . 16 4.5 Life cycle interpretation . 23 5 Reporting. 27 5.1 Gene
8、ral requirements and considerations 27 5.2 Additional requirements and guidance for third-party reports 28 5.3 Further reporting requirements for comparative assertion intended to be disclosed to the public 30 6 Critical review 31 6.1 General. 31 6.2 Critical review by internal or external expert. 3
9、1 6.3 Critical review by panel of interested parties 31 Annex A (informative) Examples of data collection sheets. 33 Annex B (informative) Examples of life cycle interpretation . 36 Bibliography. 46 ISO 14044:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for St
10、andardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the rig
11、ht to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International
12、 Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as a
13、n International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO
14、14044 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 5, Life cycle assessment. This first edition of ISO 14044, together with ISO 14040:2006, cancels and replaces ISO 14040:1997, ISO 14041:1998, ISO 14042:2000 and ISO 14043:2000, which have been technically
15、 revised. -,-,- ISO 14044:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved v Introduction The increased awareness of the importance of environmental protection, and the possible impacts associated with products1), both manufactured and consumed, has increased interest in the development of methods to better und
16、erstand and address these impacts. One of the techniques being developed for this purpose is life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA can assist in identifying opportunities to improve the environmental performance of products at various points in their life cycle, informing decision-makers in industry, gov
17、ernment or non-government organizations (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign), the selection of relevant indicators of environmental performance, including measurement techniques, and marketing (e.g. implementing an ecolabelling scheme,
18、 making an environmental claim, or producing an environmental product declaration). LCA addresses the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts2) (e.g. use of resources and environmental consequences of releases) throughout a products life cycle from raw material acquisition through
19、production, use, end-of-life treatment, recycling and final disposal (i.e. cradle-to-grave). There are four phases in an LCA study: a) the goal and scope definition phase, b) the inventory analysis phase, c) the impact assessment phase, and d) the interpretation phase. The scope, including system bo
20、undary and level of detail, of an LCA depends on the subject and the intended use of the study. The depth and the breadth of LCA can differ considerably depending on the goal of a particular LCA. The life cycle inventory analysis phase (LCI phase) is the second phase of LCA. It is an inventory of in
21、put/output data with regard to the system being studied. It involves the collection of the data necessary to meet the goals of the defined study. The life cycle impact assessment phase (LCIA) is the third phase of the LCA. The purpose of LCIA is to provide additional information to help assess a pro
22、duct systems LCI results so as to better understand their environmental significance. 1) In this International Standard, the term “product” includes services. 2) The “potential environmental impacts” are relative expressions, as they are related to the functional unit of a product system. ISO 14044:
23、2006(E) vi ISO 2006 All rights reserved Life cycle interpretation is the final phase of the LCA procedure, in which the results of an LCI or an LCIA, or both, are summarized and discussed as a basis for conclusions, recommendations and decision-making in accordance with the goal and scope definition
24、. There are cases where the goal of an LCA may be satisfied by performing only an inventory analysis and an interpretation. This is usually referred to as an LCI study. This International Standard covers two types of studies: life cycle assessment studies (LCA studies) and life cycle inventory studi
25、es (LCI studies). LCI studies are similar to LCA studies but exclude the LCIA phase. LCI are not to be confused with the LCI phase of an LCA study. Generally, the information developed in an LCA or LCI study can be used as part of a much more comprehensive decision process. Comparing the results of
26、different LCA or LCI studies is only possible if the assumptions and context of each study are equivalent. Therefore this International Standard contains several requirements and recommendations to ensure transparency on these issues. LCA is one of several environmental management techniques (e.g. r
27、isk assessment, environmental performance evaluation, environmental auditing, and environmental impact assessment) and might not be the most appropriate technique to use in all situations. LCA typically does not address the economic or social aspects of a product, but the life cycle approach and met
28、hodologies described in this International Standard may be applied to these other aspects. This International Standard, like other International Standards, is not intended to be used to create non-tariff trade barriers or to increase or change an organizations legal obligations. INTERNATIONAL STANDA
29、RD ISO 14044:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 1 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines 1 Scope This International Standard specifies requirements and provides guidelines for life cycle assessment (LCA) including a) the goal and scope definition of the LCA, b)
30、the life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) phase, c) the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase, d) the life cycle interpretation phase, e) reporting and critical review of the LCA, f) limitations of the LCA, g) relationship between the LCA phases, and h) conditions for use of value choices and opti
31、onal elements. This International Standard covers life cycle assessment (LCA) studies and life cycle inventory (LCI) studies. The intended application of LCA or LCI results is considered during the goal and scope definition, but the application itself is outside the scope of this International Stand
32、ard. This International Standard is not intended for contractual or regulatory purposes or registration and certification. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undat
33、ed references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. NOTE These te
34、rms and definitions are taken from ISO 14040:2006 and are repeated for the convenience of users of this International Standard. -,-,- ISO 14044:2006(E) 2 ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3.1 life cycle consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation fr
35、om natural resources to final disposal 3.2 life cycle assessment LCA compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle 3.3 life cycle inventory analysis LCI phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation
36、and quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle 3.4 life cycle impact assessment LCIA phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life c
37、ycle of the product 3.5 life cycle interpretation phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are evaluated in relation to the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations 3.6 comparative asserti
38、on environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product that performs the same function 3.7 transparency open, comprehensive and understandable presentation of information 3.8 environmental aspect element of an organizations activities, products or s
39、ervices that can interact with the environment ISO 14001:2004; definition 3.6 3.9 product any goods or service NOTE 1 The product can be categorized as follows: services (e.g. transport); software (e.g. computer program, dictionary); hardware (e.g. engine mechanical part); processed materials (e.g.
40、lubricant); ISO 14044:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3 NOTE 2 Services have tangible and intangible elements. Provision of a service can involve, for example, the following: an activity performed on a customer-supplied tangible product (e.g. automobile to be repaired); an activity performed on
41、 a customer-supplied intangible product (e.g. the income statement needed to prepare a tax return); the delivery of an intangible product (e.g. the delivery of information in the context of knowledge transmission); the creation of ambience for the customer (e.g. in hotels and restaurants). Software
42、consists of information and is generally intangible and can be in the form of approaches, transactions or procedures. Hardware is generally tangible and its amount is a countable characteristic. Processed materials are generally tangible and their amount is a continuous characteristic. NOTE 3 Adapte
43、d from ISO 14021:1999 and ISO 9000:2005. 3.10 co-product any of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system 3.11 process set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs into outputs ISO 9000:2005, definition 3.4.1 (without notes) 3.12 elementary flow
44、 material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied that is released into the environment without subsequent human transformation 3.13 energy flow input to or outp
45、ut from a unit process or product system, quantified in energy units NOTE Energy flow that is an input may be called an energy input; energy flow that is an output may be called an energy output. 3.14 feedstock energy heat of combustion of a raw material input that is not used as an energy source to
46、 a product system, expressed in terms of higher heating value or lower heating value NOTE Care is necessary to ensure that the energy content of raw materials is not counted twice. 3.15 raw material primary or secondary material that is used to produce a product NOTE Secondary material includes recy
47、cled material. 3.16 ancillary input material input that is used by the unit process producing the product, but does not constitute part of the product ISO 14044:2006(E) 4 ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3.17 allocation partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system between the
48、product system under study and one or more other product systems 3.18 cut-off criteria specification of the amount of material or energy flow or the level of environmental significance associated with unit processes or product system to be excluded from a study 3.19 data quality characteristics of d
49、ata that relate to their ability to satisfy stated requirements 3.20 functional unit quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit 3.21 input product, material or energy flow that enters a unit process NOTE Products and materials include raw materials, intermediate products and co-products. 3.22 intermediate flow product, material or energy flow occurring between unit processes of the